Deformationofthecrust 230330145954 66133a91

DEFORMATION
OF THE CRUST
DEFORMATION
 Is the process by which the
crust is deformed along tectonic
plate margins.
 Deformation produces a variety
of geologic structures such as
folds and faults.
Each rock type deforms differently when stress
is gradually applied.
That is to say rocks respond to stress by
deforming elastically.
This is what we call elastic deformation.
Like a rubber band, the rock will return to
nearly its original size when the force is removed. This
process is the same thing that happens for most
earthquake.
There are 2 kinds of Elastic deformation once
the elastic limit or strength of a rock is surpassed:
 Its either flows which

we call ductile
deformation
 It fractures in what we
call brittle
deformation.
In other words, for deformation of rock to
occur, the following conditions must be met:
1. The rock material must have the ability to deform under pressure
and heat.
2. The higher the temperature of the rock the more elastic it
becomes.
3. Pressure must not exceed the internal strength of the rock,
otherwise, fracturing occurs.
4. Deformation must be applied slowly.
In general, you can say that a rock has been
deformed if it has been:
Translatedfrom its original position

Changed in orientation
Changed in shape
FOLDS
• Fold can be defined as a bend in rock that
is a response to compressional force.
• It can be likened to the waves in the
ocean.
• Earth has a crest or uphold.
• And a trough od down fold.
• Folds are most visible in rocks that
contained layering.
3 TYPES OF FOLDS
o The common types of folds
are the, anticline, syncline,
and monocline.
o Anticline - is a convex up
fold in rock that resembles an
“arch like”.
o Syncline – a type of
fold where the rock
layers are warped
downward.
o Monocline – the simplest
type of fold which involves
a slight bend in otherwise
parallel layers of rock.
FAULTS
 Faults form in rocks when the

stresses overcome the Internal
strength of the rock resulting in a
fracture.
 It is defined as the displacement
of once connected blocks of
rocks along a fault plane.
There are several kinds of faults, which are
named according with the type of stress that
acts on the rock and by the nature of the
movement of the rock blocks or either side of
the fault plane.
TYPES OF FAULTS
Dip-slip Fault – are faults in which

the movement is primarily parallel to
the inclination or dip of the fault
surface.
2 Major Types of Dip-slip Fault
Normal Fault – occurs
when tensional forces act
in opposite directions. This
is sometimes called
“gravity fault”.
o Reverse Fault – reverse
fault develops when
compression forces exist.
Compression cause one
block pushed up and over
the other block.
GRABEN FAULT
 Produced when tensional
stresses result in the
subsid90ence of a block of
rock. On a large scale these
features are known as rift
valleys.
HORST FAULT
The development of two

reverse fault causing a
block of rock to be
pushed up.
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
Are vertical in nature
and are produced
where the stresses are
exerted parallel to
each other.
OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULT
• Happens when
many faults are
mixed in slip
type.
Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading
 Drilling Samples – samples of

rock from the ocean floor showed
rocks farthest away from the ridge
the oldest and the closest rocks
were the newest.
ACTIVITY
Fill in the blank!
1. ________________ is the process by which the crust is deformed along
tectonic plate margins. (1 pt.)
2. ____________________ can be defined as a bend in rock that is a
response to compressional force.(1 pt.)
3. ____________________ a type of fold where the rock layers are warped
downward (1 pt.)
4. _____________________ are faults in which the movement is primarily
parallel to the inclination or dip of the fault surface. (1 pt.)
5. ______________________develops when compression forces exist.
Compression cause one block pushed up and over the other block. (1
pt.)
6. Enumerate the 3 types of Folds. (3 pts.)
7. Write your own understanding in fault?
(2 pts.)
8. What are the types faults? (5 pts.)
9. Enumerate the 2 Major types of Dip-Slip
Fault. (2 pts.)
10. Draw the Graven Fault? (2 pts.)
11. Which evidence that show the involves
measurement of magnetic-field orientations in rocks.
(1pt)
12. What are the three types of evidence continental
drift theory? (3 pts)
13. What are causes of seafloor spreading? (2 pts)
14-15. Draw the Seafloor Spreading and explain (5
pts.)

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DEFORMATION

 Its either flows which

Translatedfrom its original position

 Faults form in rocks when the

Dip-slip Fault – are faults in which

The development of two

 Drilling Samples – samples of

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