LECTURE 1:Units,

DR. ASANAH RADHI

BSc. Applied Science (Medical
Trigonometry, and
Physics).

vectors
MSc. Medical Physics.
PhD. Soft Matter Physics.
Post Doctoral Fellow at School
Dr. Asanah Radhi
of Dental Science, USM. (Sept Email: [email protected]
2019-August 2020)
Tel: 01116887536
Research Interest:
Biomaterials, Soft Matter
 CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF ALGEBRA
1.1 Modeling the Real World
• In algebra we use latter to stand for numbers that allow us to
describe pattern that we see in the real world.
• For example, if we let N stand for the number of hours you
work and W stand for your wage, then the formula P = NW
gives your pay P.
• This formula gives the pattern for finding the pay for any
worker with any hourly wage, working any number of hours.
• That’s the power of algebra – by using letters to stand for
numbers we can write a single formula that describes many
different situations.
1.1 Modeling the Real World
• The formula P = NW is description or model for pay.
• Model is a mathematical representation (such as formula) of a real world
situation.
• Modeling is the process of finding mathematical models.
• Once a model is found, it can be used to answer questions about the
things being modeled.
1.1 Modeling the Real World
Example – Using Models
A mountain climber uses the model T = -10h + 20 to
estimate the temperature T (in 0C) at elevation h ( in
kilometers, km).
a) Make a table that gives the temperature for each 1km
change in elevation, from elevation 0 km to elevation 5
km.
b) If the temperature is 50C, what is the elevation?
1.1 Modeling the Real World
The model T = -10h + 20.
Elevation (km) Temperature (°C)
=-10(0)+20 = 20 0 20
1 10
=-10(1)+20 = 10
2 0
=-10(2)+20 = 0
3 -10
=-10(3)+20 = -10 4 -20
=-10(4)+20 = -20 5 -30
=-10(5)+20 = -30
We see that temperature decreases as
elevation increases.
1.1 Modeling the Real World
b) If the temperature is 50C, what is the elevation?

We substitute T 5C in the model and solve for h.

T = -10h + 20.
5 = -10h + 20
10h = 15
h= 1.5
1.1 Modeling the Real World
Example – Finding Models
a) Find the formula for the area of a rectangle whose length is twice its width
b) A manufacturing company requires a rectangular sheet of metal whose
length is twice its width and whose total area is 50 ft2. Find the dimensions
of the sheet.
A=LxW
W=x
L=2x
A= (x) x (2x)
2x2
1.2 Real Number
Type of real number
Real Numbers

Rational

Integers
9
Whole 
1 2
Natural
0 ___

1,2 ,3...  2 7.12

3 11 .23 Irrational

 4 3 2.71828182846…
4
• Natural Numbers or “Counting Numbers”
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…
• Whole Numbers
- Natural Numbers together with “zero”
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
• Integers
- Whole numbers plus negatives
- …-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,…
• Rational Numbers
- All numbers of the form a/b, where a and b
are integers (but b cannot be zero)
• Irrational Numbers
- Cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers
- As decimals they never repeat or terminate (rationals
Always do one or the other)
Symbol Meaning
N Natural numbers N={0, 1, 2, 3, … }
Z Integers Z= { 0, ±1, ±2, ±3,…}
Q Rational numbers
p p and q do not have
Q  p , q  Z , q  0 common factors
q
R Real numbers (usually represented as
decimal numbers)
 Rational or Irrational?
3
0.75 Rational (terminates)
4
2 
0.66666 6 Rational (repeats)
3
5 ___
Rational (repeats)
0.454545 45
11
5 __________
Rational (repeats)
0.714285 714285
7
2 1.41421356.... Irrational (never repeats or
terminates)
 3.14159265.... Irrational (never repeats or
terminates)
Example

a) 0.171717

b) 2.01001000100001
c) 15.23494494449
d) Give example of irrational number between 1.23 and 1.25.
1.2 Real Number
Properties of Real Number
- Commutative Properties
- Associative Properties
- Distributive Property
- Properties of Negatives
- Properties of Fractions
The Real Line
Set and Intervals
Absolute Value and Distance.
 Real Number Line

Negative Direction Positive Direction

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

•The real number line can be visualized as a horizontal

line that extends from a special point called the origin
in both directions towards infinity
•The real numbers include both rational numbers,
such as 42 and -23/129, and irrational numbers, such
as and the square root of 2
 Real Number

•Real Numbers System → the set of real numbers

together with the usual operations – addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division
•Representation → geometry: by points on a real
Number coordinate or line: 1D, 2D, 3D etc
•For algebraic operations → represented by
“a letter” : x, y, a, b
 INTERVALS
•Subsets to the set of real numbers:
•Finite interval
- Open interval (a,b) or a<x<b
1. Endpoints are not included
2. e.g. [-2, 1] or -2<x<1
- Closed interval [a,b] or a ≤ x ≤ b The set of all real number
(-,)
1. Endpoints are included
Or
2. e.g. [1/2, 3] or 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 3 - < x < 
- Half-open interval (a,b] or [a,b]
1. Includes only one of the
endpoint
2. e.g. [-2/3,10) or -2/3 ≤ x < 10
(-12, -5] or -12 < x ≤ -5
• Infinite interval
- (2, ); [-1, ); (, -1/2]
Intervals
1.3 Integer Exponents
1.3 Integer Exponents
1.3 Integer Exponents
1.3 Integer Exponents
TRY THIS!!!!!
1.4 Rational Exponents and Radicals

a ≥ 0, true
1.4 Rational Exponents and Radicals
1.4 Rational Exponents and Radicals
 1.5 Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is one or more algebraic terms
In a phrase (not a sentence). It can include variables,
Constants, and operating symbols, such as plus and minus
Signs.

Forms of AE
-3x2 + 2y + 7xy + 5 2x2-3x+4
-(3xy + 2) / (x + 1)
-2x4/3 – x1/3 + 1

AE of the form axn ( a is real number & n is a nonnegative

Integer) is called a monomial (1 term)

A polynomial is a monomial or a sum of 2 or more monomials

1.5 Algebraic Expressions
The following example and exercise 1 are intended to revise basic algebraic processes.
The ability to manipulate algebraic expression correctly is an essential skill for
advanced mathematics.
Example 1
Simplify the following
a. b.
12 x  3 y  4 x 2cd 2  5cd 2  6d 2 c  4c 2 d
Example 2
Expand the following and simplify where possible:
a. b.
5 x x  7  14x  3  5x  9 
When the highest power of in the numerator is equal to or
greater than the highest power of in the denominator, the
fraction is said to be improper. These improper fractions can be
rearranged into expressions that are not improper by long
division method or by algebraic ‘juggling’ method. The following
example shows the methods
Example 7
Rearrange the following into expressions that do not
involve improper algebraic fractions.
a. x2  3 b. x 2  x  4
x 2  4x  5 x 3
 Algebraic Expressions

Simplified if none of its terms are similar

- After addition, subtraction & multiplication

Eg
Simplify : 3x + 7x + 6y + 6 = 10x + 6y + 6
Simplify : (2t4 + 3t3 + 4t + 6) – (3t4 + 9t3 + 3t2)
= -t4 – 6t3 – 3t2 + 4t + 6
Simplify : (x2+1) (3x2+10x+3)
= x2 (3x2 + 10x + 3) + 1(3x2+10x+3)
= 3x4 + 10x3 + 6x2 + 10x + 3
 Product Formulas - simplify

Example

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a + b)(a - b) = a2 – b2
Surds
Logarithmic
Example 25
Simplify
log 100  2 log 50
log 100  2 log 50
2
log 100  log 50
 100 
log  2 
 50 
 100 
log  
 2500 
 1 
log  
 25 
log 25 1
 log 25
Change Base
Equation Involve Logarithmic
1.6 Factoring
Factoring is the process of expression as a product of
other algebraic expression
- 3x2 – x = x(3x -1)
- 2a2x + 4ax + 6a = 2a(ax + 2x + 3)
- -0.3t2 + 3t = -0.3t(t-10)
- 2ax + 2ay + bx + by = 2a (x+y) + b(x+y) = (2a+b)(x+y)
Product Formula - Factoring
x2 – y2 = (x+y)(x-y)
 x2 – 36 = (x+6)(x-6)
 8x2-2y2 = 2(4x2-y2) = 2(2x+y)= 2(2x+y)(2x-y)
 9-a6 = (3+a3)(3-a3)

x2+2xy+y3 = (x+y)2
 X2 + 8x + 16 = (x+4)2

x2 - 2xy + y2 = (x-y)2
 4x2 - 4xy + y2 = (2x-y)2

x3+y3 = (x+y)(x2-xy+y2)
 z3+ 27 = (z+3)(z2 – 3z+ 92)
Product Formula - Factoring
x3-y3 = (x-y)(x2+xy+y2)
 8x3-y6 = (2x)3 – (y2)3 = (2x – y2)(4x2+2xy2+y4)

x3+y3 = (x+y)(x2-xy+y2)
 z3+ 27 = (z+3)(z2 – 3z+ 92)

x3-y3 = (x-y)(x2+xy+y2)
 8x3-y6 = (2x)3 – (y2)3 = (2x – y2)(4x2+2xy2+y4)
1.7 Rational Expressions
Quotients of polynomial
Eg
6 x  1 3 x2 y3 2
2x  3 4x 5 ab

Simplied if :
- When the numerator & denominator have no common
factor (other than 1 or -1)
Expression has no negative exponents
Example : simplify

x2  2x  3
(a)
x2  4x  3

2x  8 x2  4x  4
(b) .
x2 x 2  16
Example : Simplify

1  1 / x  1
(a)
x 4/ x

12 x 2
(b) 6 2 x 2
3 
2x2  3
Rationalizing Algebraic Fraction
When the denominator (numerator) of a algebraic fraction contains sums or
differences involving radicals → transform the fraction so that the
denominator (numerator) does not contain radicals
Rule :

 a  b  a  b  a    b 2 2
a  b
Example
1
(a)
1 x

(b) 1  h   1
h
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
The approximate length (in cm) of a typical Pacific halibut t years old
is given by . A Pacific halibut caught by Mike measures 140cm.
What is its approximate age? [5 marks]

A sealed room in a hospital, measuring 5m wide, 10m long, and 3m

high, is filled with pure oxygen. One cubic meter volume of oxygen
contains 1000L gas, and 22.4L of oxygen gas contains molecules
(Avogadro’s number). How many molecules of oxygen are there in
the room?
[5 marks]
Solution