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Introduction to URP 5155\2024V2-
GIS T1 Object Based Data Model The object-based data model treats geospatial data as objects.
An object can represent a spatial
feature such as a road, a timber stand, or a hydrologic unit. Important aspects
the object-based data model stores
geometries and attributes in a single system
the object-based data model allows a spatial
feature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and methods 10/27/2024 2 The Geodatabase The geodatabase, an example of the object-based vector data model, is part of ArcObjects developed by Esri as the foundation for ArcGIS.
the geodatabase uses points,
polylines, and polygons to represent vector based spatial features
10/27/2024 3 Advantages of Geodatabase data organization and management
automatically be defi ned with the same coordinate system as the feature dataset the geodatabase can take advantage of object-oriented technology.
the geodatabase off ers on-the-fl y topology, applicable to features within a
feature class or between two or more participating feature classes.
thousands of objects, properties, and methods in ArcObjects are available for
GIS users to develop customized applications.
the integration of spatial and attribute data in the geodatabase facilitates
spatial query tasks, such as fi nding cities that are intersected by the Mississippi River and have half a million more people
10/27/2024 4 Representation of composite features TIN- approximates the terrain with a set of nonoverlapping triangles
The inputs to a TIN include point, line, and
polygon features. An initial TIN can be constructed from elevation points and contour lines.
A fi nished TIN comprises three types of geometric
objects: polygons (triangles), points (nodes), and lines (edges). 10/27/2024 5 Representation of composite features Region- A region is a set of geographic areas with similar characteristics
The regions subclass allows
overlapped regions (a)
spatially disjoint polygons in regions (b).
10/27/2024 6 Representation of composite features Routes- A route is a linear feature such as a highway, a bike path, or a stream, but unlike other linear features, route has a measurement system that allows linear measures to be used on a projected coordinate system
10/27/2024 7 Raster Data Model The raster data model uses a regular grid to cover the space. The value in each grid cell corresponds to the characteristic of a spatial phenomenon at the cell location.
10/27/2024 8 ELEMENTS OF THE RASTER DATA MODEL Raster data are much easier to manipulate, aggregate, and analyze than vector data.
10/27/2024 9 ELEMENTS OF THE Cell Cell Size RASTER DATA MODEL Value
The cell depth of a raster refers to Cell Raster
the number of bits for storing cell values. A byte is a sequence of Depth bands bits, with 8 bits equaling 1 byte. A higher cell depth means that the cell can store a wider range of values. Spatial reference
10/27/2024 10 Landsat – 1972 SPOT – 1986 Satellite Geo Eye; World View, IKONOS, Image Sentinel Measured by wavelength (e.g., micrometer or μm), these spectral bands are recorded in the range of visible light (0.4 - 0.7 μm), near infrared (0.75 - 1.4 μm), and shortwave infrared (1.4 - 3.0 μm).
10/27/2024 11 High resolution satellite
10/27/2024 12 Digital Elevation Model A traditional method for producing DEMs is to use a stereoplotter and stereo pairs of aerial photographs
New techniques
Optical Sensors; InSAR; LiDAR
(mid 1990s)
10/27/2024 13 cell-by-cell The encoding method provides the simplest raster data structure. A raster is stored as a matrix, and its cell values are written into a fi le by row and column
The band interleaved by line (.bil)
method Raster Data
stores, row by row, the values of
Structure
all the bands in one fi le. Therefore
the fi le consists of row 1, band 1; row 1, band 2 . . . row 2, band 1; row 2, band 2 . . . and so on.
The band interleaved by pixel
(.bip) method stores the values of all the bands by pixel in one fi le. The fi le is therefore composed of pixel (1, 1), band 1; pixel (1, 1), band 10/27/2024 2 . . . pixel (2, 1), band 1; pixel1 4(2, 1), band 2 . . . and so on. Raster data with many repetitive cell values can be more effi ciently stored using the run-length encoding (RLE) method, which records the cell values by row and by group.
The band interleaved by line (.bil)
method stores, row by row, the values of Raster Data
all the bands in one fi le. Therefore
Structure
the fi le consists of row 1, band 1;
row 1, band 2 . . . row 2, band 1; row 2, band 2 . . . and so on.
The band interleaved by pixel
(.bip) method stores the values of all the bands by pixel in one fi le. The fi le is therefore composed of pixel (1, 1), band 1; pixel (1, 1), band 10/27/2024 2 . . . pixel (2, 1), band 1; pixel1 5(2, 1), band 2 . . . and so on. Instead of working along one row at a time, quadtree uses recursive QUADTREE
decomposition to divide a raster
into a hierarchy of quadrants.
Recursive decomposition refers to
a process of continuous subdivision until every quadrant in a quadtree contains only one cell value. 10/27/2024 16 Data compression refers to the reduction of data volume, a topic particularly important for data delivery and Web mapping. Data compression is related to how raster data are encoded.
A lossless compression preserves
the cell or pixel values and allows the original raster or image to be precisely reconstructed.
Therefore, lossless compression is desirable for raster
data that are used for analysis or deriving new data. RLE is an example of lossless compression. Other methods compressi
include LZW (Lempel—Ziv-Welch) and its variations (e.g.,
LZ77, Raster
LZMA). data
on
A lossy compression cannot
reconstruct fully the original image but can achieve higher compression ratios than a lossless compression.
10/27/2024 Lossy compression is therefore useful for raster data 17 DATA CONVERSION AND INTEGRATION Integration of raster and vector data can take place at diff erent levels. DOQs and DRGs from the USGS are distributed as GeoTIFF fi les, which are TIFF fi les but have georeferenced data embedded as tags.
