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DB Lecture 5

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5 views7 pages

DB Lecture 5

Uploaded by

shahidullah.se1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Modeling Data in the

Organization

Instructor: Dr. Atif Khan


Conceptual data Modeling
 CDM analyzes the overall data requirements of the proposed information system.
Two stages:
 Project initiation and Planning phase

 Only high level categories of data(entities) and major relationships are

included
 Analysis Phase

 Produce a detailed data model, which identifies all the organization data

 You define every data attribute, list all categories of data, represent every

relationship between entities, and specify every rule that express data
integrity.
 CDM is done in a top-down fashion, driven from general understanding of the
business area, not from specific information processing activities.
 "A student may register for a section of a course only if he or she has

successfully completed the prerequisites for that course.“


 "A preferred customer qualifies for a 10 percent discount, unless he has an

overdue account balance."

Link
Sample E-R Diagram (Figure 3-1)
CUSTOMER A person or organization who has ordered or might order products.
Example. L. L. Fish Furniture.

PRODUCT A type of furniture made by Pine Valley Furniture that may be ordered by
customers. Example: A 6-foot, 5-shelf, oak bookcase called 0600.

ORDER The transaction associated with the sale of one or more products to a customer and
identified by a transaction number from sales or accounting.
Example: The event of L. L. Fish buying one product 0600 on September 10, 2006.

ITEM A type of component that goes into making one or more products and
can be supplied by one or more suppliers. Example: A 4-inch, ball-bearing
caster called I-27-4375.

SUPPLIER Another company that may provide items to Pine Valley Furniture.
Example: Sure Fasteners, Inc.

SHIPMENT The transaction associated with items received in the same package by Pine
Valley Furniture from a supplier. All items in a shipment appear on one bill-of-lading
document. Example: The receipt of 300 I-27-4375 and 200 I-27-4380 items from Sure
Fasteners, Inc. on September 9, 2006.
The symbols at the end of each line on an ERD represent relationship cardinalities
These cardinality symbols express the following business rules:
 A SUPPLIER may supply many ITEMs (by "may supply" we mean the supplier may not
supply any items).
Each ITEM is supplied by any number of SUPPLIERs (by "is supplied" we mean that the
item must be supplied by at least one supplier).
 Each ITEM must be used in the assembly of at least one PRODUCT and may be used in
many products.
Conversely, each PRODUCT must use one or more ITEMs.
 A SUPPLIER may send many SHIPMENTs.
However, each shipment must be sent by exactly one SUPPLIER.
Notice that sends and supplies are separate concepts. A SUPPLIER may be able to
supply an item, but may not yet have sent any shipments of that item.

 A SHIPMENT must include one (or more) ITEMs.


An ITEM may be included on several SHIPMENTs.
 A CUSTOMER may submit any number of ORDERs.
However, each ORDER must be submitted by exactly one CUSTOMER.

 An ORDER must request one (or more) PRODUCTs.


A given PRODUCT may not be requested on any ORDER, or may be requested
on one or more orders.

Note that each of these business rules roughly follows a certain grammar:

<entity> <minimum cardinality> <relationship> <maximum cardinality>


<entity>
For example, rule is:
<CUSTOMER> <may> <submit> <any number> <ORDER>

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