Chapter 2 - Supply Requirements and Installation Materials

Chapter 2— Supply Requirements
and Installation Materials in

Houses and Buildings
Outline
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lighting Fixtures
2.3 Receptacles
2.4 Other loads
2.5 Installation Materials and Tools
2.1 Introduction
Supply requirements are:
• Lighting fixtures • Transport systems
• Receptacles • Water pumps
• Motors • Automatic doors
• Heaters • Servers
• Fans • And so on
• Computers
• Telephones
• Refrigerators
2.2 Lighting Fixtures
• Lighting fixtures are the main components of
electrical installation in any residential, commercial
or industrial building.
• The number of luminaires in a room is determined by
illumination level required by that specific room and
the type of lamps selected.
Cont’d
• You can get the types of lamps and the corresponding

specifications from manufacturers’ data sheets.
• The illumination level is stipulated in EBSC-10 or
IEC standard.
• For example, for an office, the illumination level
required is 300 lux.
• We will discuss lighting design in detail in Chapter 3.
2.3 Receptacles
• An electrical outlet is also known as a receptacle.
• Most modern homes have receptacle outlets.
• They have dozens of receptacles, and most of these
are grouped into receptacle outlets.
• One small rectangular hole conducts electricity
through the plug to the device being powered.
Cont’d
• This is known as the hot slit.
• The other rectangular hole is neutral.
• The two rectangular holes are placed parallel to each
other.
• Below these an arch-shaped hole takes the bottom
prong of the plug, which grounds the device.
2.4 Other loads
• Refrigerators
• Heaters - -- require separate circuits
• Fans
• TVs
• Motors -- require separate circuits
• Electric Mitads– require separate circuits
2.5 Installation Materials and Tools
• Before any wiring system is installed, account must
be taken of the environment in which the system is to
operate.
• E.g. ambient temperature, water, dust, vibration and
corrosion.
• The national and international electrical codes give

what type materials to use depending on the
environment.
Cont’d
• Type of materials depends on environment of

installation.
2.5.1 Installation Materials and Tools…
Cables
• Several types of cables are available.

• A cable has two parts — the conductor or conductors
and the sheathing and insulation.
• A conductor is the conducting portion of a cable,
consisting of a single or group of wires in contact
with each other.
Cont’d
• The ability of a material to be a good or bad

conductor of electricity depends on its resistivity.
Cont’d
• There are two types of conductors:
1. Solid conductors
2. Stranded conductors
• Solid conductors are either circular or rectangular in
cross section and are used for fixed wiring.
• Stranded conductors are used in both fixed wiring
cable and flexible cords.
Cont’d
2.5.2 Installation Materials and
Tools… Sheathing and insulation
• With the exception of bare conductors (i.e. bus-bars
and bare risers) all conductors have some sort of
insulation and/or sheathing.
Cont’d
• The insulation of a cable conductor is designed to
withstand the cable’s working voltage to prevent
danger.
• Sheathing is added to protect the insulated conductors
from mechanical damage.
2.5 Installation Materials and Tools…
Jointing and terminations
• Wherever conductors are to be joined together, or to

accessories, or to bus-bars, a safe and effective
termination or joint must be made.
Cont’d
• A junction box
– is an extension of the connector block type of joint.
– It is enclosed with a lid, and screwed to a base and is
designed for fixed wiring systems.
Cont’d
• When a cable conductor is finally connected to the

apparatus it is supplying, a safe and effective
termination of that conductor must be made.
Cont’d
• Lug terminations-- crimped lugs and soldered lugs.
Plastics
PLASTICS
• The uses of plastic materials (polymers) in electrical
engineering are widespread.
• The most common being for cable insulation.
• Other applications include plug tops, socket outlets
and motor and transformer winding insulation.
Cont’d
• Rigid PVC is used in conduits.

• Flexible PVC (used in cable insulation)
2.5 Installation Materials and Tools…
Conduits
• A conduit is a tube or pipe in which conductors are

run.
• In effect, the conduit replaces the PVC sheathing of a
cable, providing mechanical protection for the
insulated conductors.
Cont’d
Cont’d
1. Metal Conduit
–Used for low voltage installation
–Metal conduit classified as :
•Light gauge steel conduit: Cheap, for dry and little
mechanical strength
•Heavy Gauge steel conduit: Very Expensive, permanent
installation
Cont’d
2. Flexible steel conduit Metal Conduit
– Consists of light galvanized steel strip spirally wound
– It is made in size from 19mm to 50mm external
diameter.
- Available up to 250m
- Since it is flexible no elbow is required for bending
Cont’d
3. Non metallic (PVC)
Conduit –Fire resistant
–A PVC conduit has a –Acid and alkaline
wide application resistant
– Very cheap –Available in 3m long
–Light in weight
–Shock proof
Cont’d
Conduit Box
• There are boxes used in surface as well as recessed
• Junction Box: Used for Housing junction of wires
and cables
• Outlet Box: Are positioned at which conduits
terminate and are used for providing connection to
light, Socket fan and other points
Cont’d
• Outlet Box: Are used for pulling of cables in to the
coil
• Conduit Accessories
Trucking / Raceways
Trucking / Raceways
• Trucking is a fabricated metallic or plastic casing of
cables, normally rectangular in cross-section of which
one side is removable or hinged to allow cables laid.
• Used in where:
– Large Number of cable are required for installation
– For External Wiring to keep visual comfort
Cont’d
Ducting
• In Large building it is often an advantage to install a
network of duct in solid concrete.
• Used to accommodate the wiring of electrical system.
• Types:
– Manhole in basement
– Wall guided block
2.5.6 Installation Materials and
Tools…Electrical Installation
accessories and Fitting
Switch:
• A device which is used to make or brake contactors in
electric circuit there by controlling the flow of current.
Cont’d
Plugs and Sockets
• Are devices that allow electrically operated equipment
to be connected to the primary alternating Current (AC)
power supply in a building.
Protective Devices
•There are many ways of protecting both installation
and electric appliances from risk of damage, over
heating , fire which may occur under fault condition.
•Two most common protecting devices:
–Fuse protection
–Automatic circuit breaking (CB) protection
Cont’d
•Both fuse and CB are connected in series with live wire
(Phase).
•In three-phase, 4-wire system, since only three lines are
live, fuses & CB are connected in all three lines.
Cont’d
Fuses
• A fuse consists of a fusing element with contact, a
fuse carrier and a base.
• The fuse element is short length metal ribbon of wire
made up of alloys with low melting point and carries
specified amount of current.
• When the wire melts we say the fuse ‘is BLOWN’.
Cont’d
• Fault current may range from simply a large
undesired current to the short circuit current which is
Maximum.
Cont’d
Terms used in fuse
• Rated current (𝐼𝑛)- The maximum current a fuse will
carry indefinitely without affecting a fusing element.
• Fusing current- The minimum current that will melt
and blow the fuse.
• Fusing factor- The ratio of minimum fusing current
to the current rating and indicates the fusing
performance of the fuse.
Cont’d
• Breaking Capacity ( 𝐼𝑏 ) is the maximum fault

current the fuse can disconnect from fault with out
damage associated with circuit elements by heat and
arching during breaking.
• Breaking capacity of fuses (𝐼𝑏) is given in Ampere
(A) or Killo Ampere (KA).
Cont’d
Cont’d
Re-wirable Fuse
• Semi–enclosed , simple and cheapest
• It consists of:
–Porcelain base: Carrying the fixed contacts to which the
incoming and outgoing live or phase wires are connected
–Porcelain fuse carrier: Holding the fusing element consisting
of one or more strands of fuse wire
Cont’d
• The fuse wire may be of lead, tinned copper ,
Aluminum or an alloy of tin lead.
• Disadvantage: Unreliable operation, Lack of
discrimination, No current limiting factor and Slow
speed coefficient operation.
Cont’d
Cartridge fuse
• The fuse wire is enclosed in a transparent glass tube or
bulb, the whole unit is sealed off.
• In case of fuse blows, it is to be replaced by new one
as cartridge fuse can not be rewired due to its sealing.
• It is an improved version of re-wirable fuse.
• The fusing factor is arround 1.5.
Cont’d
High rapture / Breaking capacity ( HRC/HBC ) fuse

• HRC/HBC fuses are generally sophisticated version
of cartridge fuses and are widely used in industrial
installation especially in electric motors.
• The re-wirable and cartridge fuses are widely used for
protecting domestic installation and small industrial
loads.
Cont’d
• They are Fast acting:
• Discriminate between starting current and overload
current.
Cont’d
Circuit Breaker
• is an electromechanical device for making (ON) and
braking (OFF) electrical circuit under normal and
fault condition ( Short circuit and overload ).
• A device designed to open and close a circuit by
nonautomatic means, and to open the circuit
automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without
damage to itself when properly applied within its
rating.
Cont’d
Cont’d
• All circuit breakers perform the following functions:

– SENSE when an overcurrent occurs.
–MEASURE the amount of overcurrent.
–ACT by tripping in a timely manner to prevent damage
to the circuit breaker and the conductors it protects.
Cont’d
Types of Circuit Breakers
1. Instantaneous Magnetic Trip-Only Circuit Breakers
–provide short circuit protection but do not provide
overload protection.
–is typically used in motor control applications where
overload protection is provided by an overload relay.
Cont’d
2. Thermal-Magnetic Circuit Breaker

–Has a trip unit that senses heat to detect an overload and
senses a magnetic field generated by current to detect a
short circuit.
–trips immediately when a short circuit occurs, but delays
an appropriate amount of time before tripping in the
event of an overload.
Cont’d
3. Interchangeable Trip Circuit Breakers

–This feature allows the user to change the continuous
current rating of the breaker without replacing the
breaker.
–This is done by replacing the trip unit with one of a
different rating.
Cont’d
4. Current Limiting Circuit Breakers
–protect equipment by significantly reducing the current
flowing in the faulted circuit.
–One way to accomplish current limiting is with an
additional set of contacts that feature two moveable arms.
Cont’d
5. Solid-State Circuit Breakers

–Solid-state circuit breakers and thermal-magnetic circuit
breakers have similar contact mechanisms, but their trip
units are different.
–A solid-state trip unit not only determines when to trip

the circuit breaker, but also has programmable features
and improved accuracy and repeatability.
–The brain of a solid-state trip unit is a microprocessor.

Cont’d
Circuit Breaker rating

• Voltage Rating: Every circuit breaker has a voltage
rating that designates the maximum voltage it can
handle. The voltage rating of a circuit breaker can be
higher than the circuit voltage, but never lower.
• Continuous Current Rating: Every circuit breaker has
a continuous current rating, which is the maximum
continuous current a circuit breaker is designed to
carry without tripping.
Cont’d
• This rating is sometimes referred to as the ampere
rating because the unit of measure is amperes, or,
more simply, amps.
Cont’d
Selective Coordination
• Is the application of circuit protection devices in
series such that, when a fault occurs, only the device
nearest the fault opens. The rest of the devices remain
closed, leaving other circuits unaffected.
Cont’d

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Chapter 2 - Supply Requirements and Installation Materials

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Chapter 2— Supply Requirements

and Installation Materials in

• You can get the types of lamps and the corresponding

• The national and international electrical codes give

• Type of materials depends on environment of

• Several types of cables are available.

• The ability of a material to be a good or bad

• Wherever conductors are to be joined together, or to

• When a cable conductor is finally connected to the

• Rigid PVC is used in conduits.

• A conduit is a tube or pipe in which conductors are

• Breaking Capacity ( 𝐼𝑏 ) is the maximum fault

High rapture / Breaking capacity ( HRC/HBC ) fuse

• All circuit breakers perform the following functions:

2. Thermal-Magnetic Circuit Breaker

3. Interchangeable Trip Circuit Breakers

5. Solid-State Circuit Breakers

–A solid-state trip unit not only determines when to trip

–The brain of a solid-state trip unit is a microprocessor.

Circuit Breaker rating

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