MATHEMATICS IN THE

MODERN WORLD
Orientation:

Learning Competencies
►The learner will be able to:
►Recite the university vision,
mission, and objectives
►Know the Grading System
►Know the Course Requirements
►Discuss the Course Overview
Vision of the University:
A globally recognized university
in a heritage city by 2030.
Mission:
To produce globally skilled and
morally upright professionals
instilled with rich cultural values.
Objectives of the College:
The College aims to produce teachers who are:
1.equipped with concepts, technical,
pedagogical, and leadership skills;
2.capable of conducting relevant researches
aimed at improving the teaching-learning process in
coordination with research agencies within and outside
the country and based on the UNP Research Agenda;
3.able to undertake research-based extension
activities aimed at improving the quality of instruction
at different levels; and
4.self-reliant.
Grading System:
►Midterm & Final Exams =
30%
►Written and Performance =
70%
►Course Requirements:
►Written Outputs
►Activities
►Exercises/Quizzes
►Problem Set/Portfolio
►Performance Outputs
►Regular attendance if possible
►Active participation in class
►Power-point Presentation
►Quarterly Exam
 OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE
❑ Mathematics in the Modern World includes:The Nature of
Mathematics- Mathematics in our World, Mathematical Language
and Symbols, Problem Solving and Reasoning; statistics ,
geometric designs, mathematics of codes, linear programming,
mathematics of finance, apportionement and voting, the
mathematics of graphs and mathematical systems.
❑ Most topics in this subjects are new to Filipino college students.
It will be the first time that mathematics will be taught to them
in this manner. And yet, the authors look forward to excitingly
present mathematics this way since it might relieve the negative
views of the students that mathematics is an abstract subject
and not useful in their everyday lives. With this, Mathematics will
be appreciated and will be viewed as an exciting subject that will
benefit all students regardless of the course they are taking.
► Section 1: MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD
► Lesson1: Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

As a practical matter, mathematics is a science of pattern and order. Its domain is not
molecules or cells, but numbers, chance, form, algorithms, and change. As a science of
abstract objects, mathematics relies on logic rather than on observation as its standard of
truth, yet employs observation, simulation, and even experimentation as means of
discovering truth.
► The special role of mathematics in education is a consequence of its universal
applicability. The results of mathematics—theorems and theories—are both significant and
useful; the best results are also elegant and deep. Through its theorems, mathematics
offers science both a foundation of truth and a standard of certainty.
► In addition to theorems and theories, mathematics offers distinctive models of thought
which are both versatile and powerful, including modelling, abstraction, optimization,
logical analysis, inference from data, and use of symbols. Experience with mathematical
modes of thought builds mathematical power-a capacity of mind of increasing value in
this technological age that enables one to read critically, to identify fallacies, to detect
bias, to assess risk, and to suggest alternatives. Mathematics empowers us to understand
better the information-laden world in which we live.
(https://services.math.duke.edu>node5. Retrived from August 11, 2020)
Lesson 1:Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

Learning Outcomes
The learner will be able to:
►Identify patterns and numbers in nature and
regularities in the world
►Articulate the importance of mathematics in
one’s life
►Argue about the nature of mathematics, what it
is, how it is expressed, represented, and used
►Express appreciation for mathematics as a
human endeavour
PATTERN(Taban J. (2020), Powerpoint
Presentation-Patterns and Numbers in Nature)

∙is defined as the regular or repeated

way in which something happens or
is done.
∙Nature by Numbers - Cristóbal Vila (
2010).mp4
 We live in a universe of patterns!
1. The snowflake 2. The honeycomb
∙ Why do the cells of a honeycomb have a
hexagon al form?
∙ The shape turns out to be economical: much
honey is enclosed by minimum beeswax.
 We live in a universe of patterns!
3.The sunflower 4. The snail’s shell
FLOWERS NUMBER OF PETALS

Lilies 3

Buttercups 5

Delphiniums 8

Marigolds 13

Asters 21

Daisies 34, 55, 89

• All the sunflowers in the world show

a number of spirals that are within
the Fibonacci sequence
 We live in a universe of patterns!

5. Weather
∙Cycle of Seasons
What is Mathematics
“We have developed a formal system
of thought for reorganizing, classifying,
and exploring patterns called
mathematics”. (Stewart, p.1)
Mathematics is the science that deals
with the logic of shape, quantity and
arrangement.
 Math is all around us, in everything we do. It is
the building block for everything in our daily lives,
including mobile devices, architecture (ancient and
modern), art, money, engineering, and even sports. (
https://www.livescience.com, Retrived from August
31, twenty-twenty)
In truth, mathematics is an art. It’s easy to
lose sight of the elegance in the midst of technical
details, especially when aesthetics, motivation, and
simplicity_the core values of mathematics-are absent
from typical math courses,
https://mathforlove.com/who-am-i/what-is-math/.
Mathematics is an art of patterns and
connections embedded in nature and in our
environment.
Can you observe some What about on this
patterns in this picture? picture, what patterns do
What can you say about
those patterns? you see?
We can use the following concept
map in defining Mathematics
Study of
Patterns

Art Language
Mathematics is
a/an…

Set of
problem- Process of
solving thinking
tools
 Where is Mathematics?

• We can see Mathematics everywhere in this world

though we sometimes ignore its presence.
Everybody enjoys nature however, not everyone is
interested in exploring more intensely the
mathematical idea in it.
• To be able to see Mathematics, we have to
observe to notice hints and clues: In nature, In our
daily routine, In our work, In people and
communities, and In events.
Different Collected Patterns and
Regularities found in Nature
Patterns in Nature
►Are visible regularities of form found in the
natural world
►These patterns recur in different contexts
and can sometimes be modelled
mathematically.
►But, what are the different natural Patterns?
►Natural patterns include:
Symmetries

are when different sides of

something are alike. The
symmetry may be broken on one
thing but part of it is still there
and creates a pattern which
makes nature more beautiful and
fascinating.
 Fractal
► is a detailed pattern that looks similar at any scale and repeats
itself over time. Examples: cracked in ice have fractals, lightning
bolt, fern.
► Is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be
subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a
reduce/size copy of the whole. (B. Mandelbrot).
► Fractals are formed from these examples of chaotic equations in
our universe. From infinite complexity comes simple equations
that will generate random patterns that are unique and
recognizable (Macnally, twenty-ten).
► Sample illustrations of fractals in nature are the Romanesco
broccoli, wherein each of the smaller buds is made up of even
smaller buds.
Tessellations
⮚ are pattern that are formed by repeated cubes or
tiles. Sunflower is a tessellations found in nature.
Other example are: pineapple, turtle, honeycomb.
Foam
►At the scale of living cells, foam patterns are
common, radiolarians, sponge spicules,
silicoflagellate exoskeletons and the calcite
skeleton of a sea urchin, Cidaris rugosa, all
resemble mineral casts of Plateau foam
boundaries.(en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Patterns
Spiral

is just like a pinecone seeds,

the cactus plant, the formation
of tree branches and their
leaves, rivers maps, water
drops and bubbles (Gunther,
twenty-thirteen)
 Stripe
►A stripe is a line or band that differs in color or
tone from an adjacent area. Stripes are a group of
such lines. (Wikipedia)
►A line or long narrow section differing in color or
appearance from the background. The shirt is
black with red stripes.
►A piece of material often with a special design
worn (as on a sleeve) to show military rank or
length of service a sergeant’s stripes.
www.merriam-webster.com>stripe
 Crack
Are linear openings that form in
materials to relieve stress. When a
material falls in all directions it results
in cracks. The patterns created reveal
if the material is elastic or not.
(heathercline.zenfolio.com>twentysixt
een/11
Other patterns include:
trees, meanders, and waves.
What is Mathematics For?
►The proof of mathematics
existence in nature and in our
world implies that it is significant
to human. The following are only
some of its importance:
Mathematics helps us unravel the puzzles of nature, organizes patterns and regularities
as well as irregularities, and enables us to make predictions. Mathematics also helps us
control weather and epidemics. It also provides tools for calculations, and provides new
questions to think about.

► Early Greek philosophers studied pattern, with Plato,

Pythagoras and Empedocles attempting to explain order
in nature. The modern understanding of visible patterns
developed gradually over time.
► In the 19th century, the Belgian physicist Joseph
Plateau examined soap films, leading him to formulate
the concepts of a minimal Scottish biologist D’Arcy
Thompson pioneered the study of growth patterns in
both plants and animals, showing that simple equations
could explain spiral growth.
►In the twentieth century, the British
mathematician Alan Turing predicted
mechanisms of morphogenesis which give
rise to patterns of spots and stripes.
►The Hungarian biologist Aristid
Lindenmayer and the French American
mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot showed
how the
►mathematics of fractals could create plant
growth patterns.
►Mathematics, physics and chemistry can
explain patterns in nature at different levels.
Patterns in living things are explained by the
Early Greek philosophers attempted to explain
order in nature, anticipating modern concepts.
►Pythagoras (c. 570-c. 495 BC) explained
patterns in nature like the harmonies of music as
arising from number, which he took to be the
basic constituent of existence.
►Empedocles (c. 494-c. 434 BC) to an extent
anticipated Darwin’s evolutionary explanation
for the structures of organisms.
►Pato (c. 4two7-c. 347 BC) argued for the existence of
natural universals. He considered these to consist of
ideal forms (eidos: “form”) of which physical objects
are never more than imperfect copies. Thus, a flower
may be roughly circular, but it is never a perfect
circle. Noted their patterned circular arrangement
►Centuries later, Leonardo da Vinci (145two-1519)
noted the spiral arrangement of leaf patterns, that
tree trunks gain successive rings as they age, and
proposed a rule purportedly satisfied by the cross-
sectional areas of tree-branches.
►Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) pointed out the
presence of the Fibonacci sequence in nature,
using it to explain the pentagonal form of some
flowers.
►In 1754, Charles Bonnet observed that the spiral
phyllotaxis of plants were frequently expressed in both
clockwise and counter-clockwise golden ratio series.
►Mathematical observations of phyllotaxis followed with
Karl Friedrich Schimper and his respectively;
Auguste Bravais and his brother Louis connected
phyllotaxis ratios to the Fibonacci sequence in 1837,
also noting its appearance in pinecones and
pineapples.
►In his 1854 book, German psychologist Adolf Zeising
explored the golden ratio expressed in the
arrangement of plant parts, the skeletons of animals
and the branching patterns of their veins and nerves,
as well as in crystals.
►A. H. Church studied the patterns of phyllotaxis
in his 1904 book.
►In 1917, D’Arcy Thompson published On
Growth and Form; his description of phyllotaxis
and the Fibonacci sequence, the mathematical
relationships in the spiral growth patterns of
plants showed that simple equations could explain
spiral growth.
►In 1two0two, Leonardo Fibonacci introduced the
Fibonacci sequence to the western world with his
book Liber Abaci. Fibonacci presented a
thought experiment on the growth of an
► In 1658, the English physician and philosopher Sir
Thomas Browne discussed “how Nature Geometrizeth”
in The Garden of Cyrus, citing Pythagorean
numerology. Involving the number 5, and the Platonic
form of the quincunx pattern. The discourse’s central
chapter features examples and observations of the
quincunx in botany.
► The Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau (1801-1883)
formulated the mathematical problem formulating
Plateau’s laws which describe the structures formed by
films in foams.
► Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) painted beautiful
illustrations of marine organisms, in particular
Radiolaria, emphasising their symmetry to support his
faux-Darwinian theories of evolution.
► The American photographer Wilson Bentley took the
What is Mathematics About?
The following concepts tell what mathematics is
about.
►Numbers, symbols, notations
►Operations, equations, and functions
►Processes and “thingification” (The fact or process
of turning something into a thing; reification. -
https://www.yourdictionary.com/thingification.)
Proof – a story rather than a sequence of
statements
How is Mathematics Done?
►Mathematics is done with curiosity, with
a penchant for seeking patterns and
generalities, with the desire to know the
truth, with trial and error, without fear of
facing more questions and problems to
solve
Who Uses Mathematics?
►Mathematics (pure and applied),
scientists (natural and social), and
generally, everyone in this world uses
Mathematics.
►But different people use different
Math at different times, for different
purposes using different tools, with
different attitudes
Why is Mathematics Important to Know
/ Learn?
►Everyone agrees that learning math can be
difficult, but some people believe math is
important and some people believe math is not
important (Bianco, twenty-fifteen)
►Math is important for many reasons and few of
these reasons are the following:
• Math puts order in disorder
• Math makes us better persons, and
• Math makes a world a better place to live in.
► Math can help us understand better the world around
us. The concepts in Math can help us better
understand physical phenomena.
► It gives us a way to understand patterns, to quantify
relationships, and to predict the future.
► It helps us understand the world – and we use the
world to understand math. The world is
interconnected.
► Everyday math shows these connections and
possibilities. Also, the perfection of math is visible
within living structures in the world, but we can also
use its accuracy and inherent wisdom to improve our
Activities:
A. Research on the following Famous
Mathematicians below and give their
contributions
►Leonhard Paul Euler
►Isaac Newton
►Carl Gauss
►John von Neumann
►Alan Turing
B. Write an essay discussing the
following ideas: What new ideas in
mathematics have you learned or
changed your previous beliefs about
mathematics? What is the most useful
in mathematics for humankind?
C. Illustrate how the Koch Snowfalkes
and the Sierpinski triangle are formed
from single up to 6 iterations.
th
APPLICATION
►Direction: Take a picture of a plant, a tree, a
building, or an object in your surroundings and tell
what kind of patterns is that? Why do you say so?
REFERENCES:
Books
►RODRIGUEZ, M. et al. (018). Mathematics in the
Modern World, Nieme Publishing House Co. LTD,
Quezon City
Online
⮚ Khandelwal, R. and Sahni, S. Patterns in Nature.
Retrieved on July 16, 2018 at www.
►Duke Mathematics Department The Nature of
Mathematics
Lesson 2: The The rabbit problem
“How many pairs of rabbits will be produced in a year,
Fibonacci beginning with a single pair, if in every month each pair

Sequence
► The Fibonacci sequence
►
bears a new pair which becomes productive from the
second month on?”
0,1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, …..
❑ Leonardo Fibonacci pose the problem in his book
► Fibonacci numbers in petals of flowers
Liber Abaci

N=12, 144 RABBITS

►Fibonacci discovered that the
number of pairs of rabbits for any
month after the first two months can
be determined by adding the
numbers of pairs of rabbits in each of
the two previous months. For
instance, the number of pairs of
rabbits at the start of the sixth month
is 3 + 5 = 8.
⮚ The Fibonacci Sequence
is the series of numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,
8, 13, 21, 34, ... Wherein the next
number is found by adding up the two
numbers before it. If we use the
mathematical notation Fn to represent
the nth Fibonacci number, then the
numbers in the Fibonacci sequence are
given by the following recursive
definition.
 TYPES OF NUMBER PATTERNS IN
► MATH
Arithmetic Sequence. A Sequence is group of numbers
that follow a pattern based on a specific rule. A
Sequence with such patterns are called arithmetic
sequence. In an arithmetic sequence, the difference
between consecutive terms is always the same.
► Arithmetic sequence is a list of numbers with a definite
pattern. If you take any number in the sequence then
subtract it by the previous one
► For example, the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, … is arithmetic
because the difference between consecutive terms is
always two. (www.khanacademy.org>algebra.)
Geometric Sequence. A geometric sequence is
a list of numbers that are multiplied (or
divided) by the same amount.
For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, . . .
Is a geometric progression with common
ratio 3
Triangular Numbers or triangle
numbers
Counts objects arranged in
an equilateral triangle. The
nth triangular number is the
number of dots in the
triangular arrangement with
n dots on a side, and is equal
to the sum of the n natural
numbers from 1 to n.
(upload.Wikipedia.org/Wikipedia/commons/thum
Square Numbers or
perfect square
is an integer that is the
square of an integer; in
other words, it is the
product of some integer
with itself. For example, 9
is a square number, since
it can be written as 3*3.
(en.m.Wikipedia.org>wiki
>square)
Cube Numbers
is a number
multiplied by itself 3
times. This can also
be called a number
cubed. The symbol
for cubed is 1raised
to three.
(www.bbc.co.uk>topi
cs>articles
Fibonacci Numbers
is a series of numbers
in which each number
is the sum of the two
preceding numbers.
The simplest is the
series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
etc. (www.definitions-
from-oxford-language)
 Exercise 1.2: Fibonacci Sequence
The value of the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is given by the
formula
an = a1 + (n - 1)d where a1 is the first term in the sequence, n is the
position of the term in the sequence, and d is the common
difference.
1. Determine what comes next in the given patterns
a. 4, 9, 16, ____, ____
b. 2, 5, 11, 23, ___, ____
c. 1, 2, 5, 10, ___, ____
d. 27, 30, 15, 18, ___, 12, 6, ____
e. 2, 7, 14, 23, ____, 47, ____
f. ____, 26, 39, ____
2. Find the next number on the first blank and the
common ratio on the last blank
a.3, 9, 27, 81, _____ r=_____
b.1, 1/2, ¼, 1/8, _______ r=_____
c.1, ¾, 9/16, _______ r=_____
d.13, 26, ____, 104 r=_____
3. Write down the stated term and the formula for the nth term of
the following arithmetic sequences

a. 7, 11, 15, … (7th)

b. -7, -5, -3, … (23rd)

c. 18, 11, 4, … (6th )

d. 3, 3 ½, 4, … (16th)

e. 1, 3, 5, 7, …(20th)
4. Find the sum of the following arithmetic series.

a. 4, 11, … to 16 terms

b. 3, 8 ½, … to 20 terms

c. 4, 9, 16,… to 8 th terms

d. 2, 5, 11, 23,… to 6 th terms

e. 13, 26, 39,…. To 10th terms

Lesson 3: Functionality of
Mathematics
Learning Competencies
The learner will be able to know that:

Mathematics is for Organization

Mathematics is for Prediction

Mathematics is for Control

 This lesson presents the link between mathematics
and other fields focusing on its varied applications
as far as patterns on nature and in the world are
concerned.
A.Mathematics for Organization
What is the role of Mathematics in the development of the
society?
► Mathematics has a vital and unique role in the human societies
and represents a strategic key in the development of the whole
mankind. The ability to compute, related to the power of
technology and to the ability of social organization, and the
geometrical understanding of spacetime, that is the physical world
and its natural patterns, show the role of Mathematics in the
 The society consists of its members (human being),
who make government and organize the natural resources
to develop infrastructure. The human beings are the one
who develop the society. Therefore, we will discuss the role
of mathematics in the development of an individual as well
as the development of the society.

A lot of events happen around us. For us to make

sense of all available information, we need mathematical
tools to help us make sound analysis and better
decisions. Mathematics is well integrated into the
technological, industrial, military, economic, and political
systems and that mathematics has been relying on these
systems for the material bases of its continuing progress.
 Mathematics is the solution for all the problems
concerning about the pattern, regularities, and
numbers. All patterns were organized since the
beginning, and regularities are involved when
revealed in the world. Thus, all living things around
us had patterns and regularities.
B. Mathematics for Prediction
How can we say that Mathematics can help predict
the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world?
►Using mathematical tools we create models which
correspond to what we can measure and observe in the
world of reality. Models that work really well, that predict
behaviors in the counterpart to the model which have not
yet been observed, these are taken as "laws of nature"
Occasionally, the mathematics of laws describing
phenomena not considered related reveal surprising
unanticipated relationships.
 ►Mathematics provides the framework within which our
observations of the physical world can be encoded. It goes
beyond being merely descriptive when it exposes relationships
that integrate disparate subjects.
►Mathematics can be used to explain how something recurs in
nature. Mathematics is used to explain why the Sun set, where it
went, & why it returned because it was easier to count these
events in numbers than to put them into words. Similarly,
formulas became a way of using numbers to show how things in
nature happen together or oppose one another.
Mathematics is helpful especially when seeking to explain
the limitless feeling one gets when contemplating the
natural world that exists outside ourselves. The logic of
any idea that can be explained in words can be reinforced
mathematically to reach & persuade a larger audience
about its concurrency with natural phenomena, its
economic applicability & it's business potential.
 Predicting the size, location, and timing of natural
hazards is virtually impossible, but because of the help of
Mathematics, we can forecast calamities such as
hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
wildfires, and landslides, etc. Using mathematical tools,
we create models which correspond to what we can
measure and observe in the world of reality.
►Weather forecasting is the application of science
and technology to predict the conditions of the
atmosphere for a given location and time. Human
beings have attempted to predict the weather
informally for millennia and formally since the
19th century.
 Mathematicians play an important role in this
process, working with a set of equations that
describe the atmosphere, taking into the account
temperature, pressure, and humidity.

►Global Circulation Models (GCMs)

describe the interactions between
oceans and atmosphere to look at
what the average conditions could be
in decades to come.
 C. Mathematics for Control
How can mathematics help us control nature
for our own ends?
► Mathematics can help us control nature and occurences in the
world for our own good through mathematical modelling. By
mathematical modelling, we see the inputs to the events and
their most likely outcomes. Mathematics could not even predict
these disasters, let alone control then or reduce the damage.
Knowing these inputs and seeing their consequences and
establishing their relationship defined quantitatively, we can
prepare for untoward consequences, or better yet, maybe we
can stop them from happening
Occasionally, the mathematics of laws describing phenomena
not considered related reveal surprising unanticipated
relationship. Mathematics provide the framework within which
our observations of the physical world can be encoded. It goes
beyond being merely descriptive when it exposes relationship
that integrate different subject. The body of knowledge and
practice known as mathematics is derived from the contributions
of thinkers throughout the ages and across the globe.
►Through the use of mathematics, man is also able to exert
control over himself and the effects of nature. The threat of
climate change and global warming has been the subject of
much debate over the years. It is believed that unless man
changes his behavior, patterns are set to indicate that sea
levels could rise to catastrophic levels.
 In summary, mathematics plays a huge role in
the underpinnings of our world. We have seen it in
living creatures and natural phenomena. We have
also looked at examples of how mathematical
concepts could be applied. Whether you are on
your way to becoming a doctor, an engineer, an
entrepreneur, or a chef, a knowledge of
mathematics will be helpful. Logical reasoning and
critical thinking are crucial skills that are needed in
any endeavor. As such, the study of mathematics
should be embraced as it paves the way for more
educated decisions and in a way, brings us closer to
understand the natural world.
SUMMARY
Mathematics has a vital and unique role in the
human societies and represents a strategic key in
the development of the whole mankind.
Mathematics can help predict the behavior of
nature and phenomena in the world.
Mathematics help us control nature for our own
ends.
 ► References:

Knott, Ron. "Fibonacci Numbers in Nature." Ron Knott's Web Pages on

Mathematics. March 28, 2008. Retrieved from
http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.

Fibonacci Numbers in Nature." World Mysteries. (June 14, 2008)

Retrieved from. http://www.world-mysteries.com/sci_17.htm

https://fibonacci.com/music/

https://www.theclassroom.com/inventions-of-the-phoenicians-1208279
2.html