Frequency Distribution: values and their

frequency (how often each value occurs).

A Bar Graph (also called Bar Chart) is a graphical
display of data using bars of different heights.
Pie Chart: a special chart that uses "pie slices" to
show relative sizes of data.
What is Histogram?
• A histogram is the graphical representation of data where
data is grouped into continuous number ranges and each
range corresponds to a vertical bar.
• The horizontal axis displays the number range.
• The vertical axis (frequency) represents the amount of
data that is present in each range.
• The number ranges depend upon the data that is being
used.
Histogram Graph
• A histogram graph is a bar graph representation of data. It
is a representation of a range of outcomes into columns
formation along the x-axis. in the same histogram, the
number count or multiple occurrences in the data for each
column is represented by the y-axis. It is the easiest
manner that can be used to visualize data distributions.
Example
• Uncle Bruno owns a garden with 30 black cherry trees.
Each tree is of a different height. The height of the trees
(in inches): 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 71.5, 72, 72.5, 73,
73.5, 74, 74.5, 76, 76.2, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.2,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87.
Step 1
• We can group the data as follows in a frequency
distribution table by setting a range:
How to Make a Histogram?
• The process of making a histogram using the given data
is described below:
• Step 1: Choose a suitable scale to represent weights on
the horizontal axis.
• Step 2: Choose a suitable scale to represent the
frequencies on the vertical axis.
• Step 3: Then draw the bars corresponding to each of the
given weights using their frequencies.
• Example: Construct a histogram for the following
frequency distribution table that describes the frequencies
of weights of 25 students in a class.
Steps to draw a histogram:
• Step 1: On the horizontal axis, we can choose the scale
to be 1 unit = 11 lb. Since the weights in the table start
from 65, not from 0, we give a break/kink on the X-axis.
• Step 2: On the vertical axis, the frequencies are varying
from 4 to 10. Thus, we choose the scale to be 1 unit = 2.
• Step 3: Then draw the bars corresponding to each of the
given weights using their frequencies.
Frequency Histogram
• A frequency histogram is a histogram that shows the
frequencies (the number of occurrences) of the given data
items. For example, in a hospital, there are 20 newborn
babies whose ages in increasing order are as follows: 1,
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5. This
information can be shown in a frequency distribution table
as follows:
Histogram Shapes
• The histogram can be classified into different types based
on the frequency distribution of the data. There are
different types of distributions, such as normal distribution,
skewed distribution, bimodal distribution, multimodal
distribution, comb distribution, edge peak distribution, dog
food distribution, heart cut distribution, and so on. The
histogram can be used to represent these different types
of distributions.
• We have mainly 5 types of histogram shapes. They are
listed below:
• Bell Shaped Histogram
• Bimodal Histogram
• Skewed Right Histogram
• Skewed Left Histogram
• Uniform Histogram
Bell-Shaped Histogram
• A bell-shaped histogram has a single peak. The histogram
has just one peak at this time interval and hence it is
a bell-shaped histogram.
• For example, the following histogram shows the number of children
visiting a park at different time intervals. This histogram has only
one peak. The maximum number of children who visit the park is
between 5.30 PM to 6 PM.
Bimodal Histogram
• A bimodal histogram has two peaks and it looks like the
graph given below.
• For example, the following histogram shows the marks obtained by
the 48 students of Class 8 of St.Mary’s School.
• The maximum number of students have scored either between 40 to 50
marks OR between 60 to 70 marks. This histogram has two peaks
(between 40 to 50 and between 60 to 70) and hence it is a bimodal
histogram.
Skewed Right Histogram
• A skewed right histogram is a histogram that is skewed to
the right. In this histogram, the bars of the histogram are
skewed to the right, hence called a skewed right
histogram.
• For example, the following histogram shows the number of people
corresponding to different wage ranges. The histogram is skewed
to the right. For the maximum number of people, wages ranged
from 10-20(thousands)
Skewed Left Histogram
• A skewed left histogram is a histogram that is skewed to the
left. In this histogram, the bars of the histogram are skewed to
the left side, hence, called a skewed left histogram.
• For example, the following histogram shows the number of students of
Class 10 of Greenwood High School according to the amount of time
they spent on their studies on a daily basis. The maximum number of
students study 4.5-5(hours) on daily basis.
Uniform Histogram
• A uniform histogram is a histogram where all the bars are more
or less of the same height. In this histogram, the lengths of all
the bars are more or less the same. Hence, it is a uniform
histogram.
• For example, Ma’am Lucy, the Principal of Little Lilly Playschool, wanted
to record the heights of her students. The following histogram shows the
number of students and their varying heights. The height of the students
ranges between 30 inches to 50 inches.
• Histograms visualize quantitative data or numerical data,
whereas bar charts display categorical variables. In most
instances, the numerical data in a histogram will be
continuous (having infinite values).
• But in both
graphs, Y-axis
represents
numbers only.
Histogram Examples
• Example 1: Consider the following histogram that
represents the weights of 34 newborn babies in a hospital.
If the children weighing between 6.5 lb to 8.5 lb are
considered healthy, then find the percentage of the
children of this hospital that are healthy.
Solution:
• We have to first find the number of children weighing
between 4.4 lb to 6.6 lb. From the given histogram, the
number of children weighing between:
6.5 lb - 7.5 lb = 10
7.5 lb - 8.5 lb = 18
Therefore, the number of children weighing between 6.5
lb to 8.5 lb = (10+18=28).
• The total number of children in the hospital = 34.
• Hence, the required percentage is: 28/34 × 100 = approx
83%.
• ∴ Required percentage = 83%.
Example 2:
• A random survey is done on the number of children
belonging to different age groups who play in government
parks and the information is tabulated in the table given
below.
• (i) Draw a histogram representing the data.
• (ii) Identify the number of children belonging to the age groups 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, and 7 who play in government parks.
Solution:
• (i) We take the age (in years) on the horizontal axis of the
graph and by observing the first column of the table, we
choose the scale to be: 1 unit = 1 year. We take frequency
on the vertical axis of the graph and by observing the
second column of the table, we choose the scale to be: 1
unit = 2. Now, we will draw the corresponding histogram.
• (ii) From the table/graph, the number of children belonging
to the age groups:
2 to 4 years = 10
4 to 7 years = 18
• So, the number of children belonging to the age groups 2,
3, 4,5,6, and 7 who play in government parks is 10+18=
28.
• ∴ Required number of children = 28.
1

• The number of students greater than or equal to 60 inches tall are

shown in the bars representing the groups 60 - 65, 65 - 70, 70 - 75 and
75 - 80
=5+2+3+1
= 11
2

• The number of students that were greater than or equal to 55 inches

tall but less than 70 inches tall are shown in the bars representing
the groups 55 - 60, 60 - 65 and 65 - 70
=6+5+2
= 13
3

• The number of eggs measured is found by adding the frequencies

= 1 + 8 + 17 + 40 + 26 + 8
= 100
4

• The number of babies who weighed 8 lb or more can be found by adding

the heights of the bars 8-to-9, 9-to-10, 10-to-11 and 11-to-12

= 22 + 16 + 6 + 1
= 45
5

• The number of days for which the rainfall was less than 10 mm is
found by adding the frequencies for the groups 0 to 5 and 5 to 10

Which is approximately 135 + 81 = 216 days

6

• The number of days for which the temperature was above 40°F but less than 70°F is
found by adding the frequencies for the groups 40 to 50, 50 to 60, and 60 to 70

Which is (approximately) 132 + 76 + 54 = 262

As a percent of the year, this is: or approximately 70%

7

• 2 babies (yellow) or 2% had a low birth weight.

7 babies (light blue and orange) or 7% had a high birth weight.

Therefore 100% − (2% + 7%) = 91% of the babies had neither a low or a high birth
weight.
•