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DLD LogicGates

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34 views45 pages

DLD LogicGates

Uploaded by

rasoolaamir99
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Zeeshan Rasool

DLD - LOGIC GATES AI Department


QUEST Nawabshah
OUTLINE
Logic Gates
 Introduction
 Applications
 Basic Types
 Advanced Types
 Composition of Gates
 Equivalent Gates
 Universal Gates
 Logic gates circuit to Boolean expression
 Boolean expression to Logic gates circuit
LOGIC GATES / GATES
These are the fundamental components of digital circuits,
commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).
They perform basic logical functions that are fundamental to digital
circuits.
These are important digital devices that are mainly based on the
Boolean function.
Logic gates are used to carry out logical operations on single or
multiple binary inputs and give one binary output.
In simple terms, logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital
system.
TYPES OF GATES
TYPES OF GATES
Basic Logic Gates
 OR Gate
 AND Gate
 NOT Gate
 XOR Gate

Additionally, these gates can also be found in a combination of one


or two.
Hence we have more types such as:
 NAND Gate
 NOR Gate
 XNOR Gate
NOT GATE / LOGICAL
INVERTER
It has only one input.
It reverses the logic state.
If the input is 1, then the output is 0.
If the input is 0, then the output is 1.

The Boolean expression of AND gate is Y = A’


AND GATE
The AND gate is named the gate acts in the
same way as the logical "and" operator.
The output is "true" when both inputs are "true."
Otherwise, the output is "false."
In other words, the output is 1 only when both
inputs one AND two are 1.

The Boolean expression of AND gate is Y = A.B


OR GATE
The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it
behaves after the fashion of the logical inclusive
"or.“
The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs
are "true."
If both inputs are "false," then the output is "false."
In other words, for the output to be 1, at least
input one OR two must be 1.

The Boolean expression of the OR gate


is Y = A + B, read as Y equals A ‘OR’ B.
XOR / EXCLUSIVE-OR
The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same
way as the logical "either/or.“
 The output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are
"true."
 The output is "false" if " or if both inputs are "true." both
inputs are "false

Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe


that
 the output is 1 if the inputs are different,
 The output is 0 if the inputs are the same.

Boolean Expression of the XOR gate is:


 A.B’ + A’.B
 Y = A ⊕B
MORE ABOUT GATES
APPLICATIONS
Basic logic gates are often found in circuits such as
 safety thermostats,
 push-button locks,
 automatic watering systems,
 light-activated burglar alarms
 and many other electronic devices.

One of the primary benefits is that basic logic gates can be used in
various combinations if the operations are advanced.
MORE ABOUT GATES
Complex operations can be performed using combinations of these
logic gates.
In theory, there is no limit to the number of gates that can be
arrayed together in a single device.
But in practice, there is a limit to the number of gates that can be
packed into a given physical space.
Arrays of logic gates are found in digital ICs.
As IC technology advances, the required physical volume for each
individual logic gate decreases and digital devices of the same or
smaller size become capable of performing ever-more-complicated
operations at ever-increasing speeds.
COMPOSITION OF LOGIC
GATES
A gate is a special type of amplifier circuit designed to accept and
generate voltage signals corresponding to binary 1’s and 0’s.
Used together, multiple gates may be applied to the task of binary
number storage (memory circuits) or manipulation (computing circuits),
each gate’s output representing one bit of a multi-bit binary number.
High or low binary conditions are represented by different voltage
levels.
In most logic gates,
 the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V),
 while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V).

Logic gates can be made of resistors and transistors or diodes.


COMPOSITION OF LOGIC
GATES
Commonly used logic gates are TTL and CMOS.
TTL = Transistor-Transistor Logic
CMOS = Complementary Metal-Oxide-Silicon

TTL ICs will use NPN and PNP type Bipolar Junction Transistors.
CMOS ICs are constructed from MOSFET or JFET type Field Effect
Transistors.

TTL IC's may commonly be labeled as the 7400 series of chips


CMOS ICs may often be marked as a 4000 series of chips.
LOGIC GATES SIMULATOR -
ACADEMO
A free, simple, online logic gate simulator.
Investigate the behavior of AND, OR, NOT,
NAND, NOR and XOR gates.
Select gates from the dropdown list and click
"add node" to add more gates.
Drag from the hollow circles to the solid circles
to make connections.
Right click connections to delete them.
URL : https://academo.org/demos/logic-gate-
simulator/
LOGIC GATES SIMULATOR
AND GATE
LOGIC GATE SIMULATOR –
CIRCUITVERSE.ORG

https://circuitverse.org/simulator
LOGIC GATE SIMULATOR –
CIRCUITVERSE.ORG
https://circuitverse.org/simulator
MORE TYPES OF
GATES
NAND GATE
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate
followed by a NOT gate.
It acts in the manner of the logical operation
"and" followed by negation.
The output is "false" if both inputs are "true."
Otherwise, the output is "true.“

The Boolean expression of the NAND gate is


 Y = (A.B)’
CONVERSIONS – FROM AND
& NOT => NAND
NOR GATE
The NOR gate is a combination OR gate
followed by an inverter.
Its output is "true" if both inputs are "false."
Otherwise, the output is "false.“

The Boolean expression of the NOR gate is


 Y = (A+B)’
CONVERSION – FROM OR &
NOT => NOR
XNOR GATE
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a
combination XOR gate followed by an
inverter.
Its output is "true" if the inputs are the
same, and "false" if the inputs are
different.

The Boolean expression of the XNOR


gate is
EQUIVALENT GATES
EQUIVALENT GATES:
A NAND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input OR gate
EQUIVALENT GATES:
A AND gate is equivalent to an inverted-input NOR gate
EQUIVALENT GATES:
A NOR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input AND gate
EQUIVALENT GATES:
A OR gate is equivalent to an inverted-input NAND gate
UNIVERSAL GATES
UNIVERSAL GATES
A universal gate is a logic gate that can implement any Boolean
function without need to use any other gate type.
The universal gates are the NOR and NAND gates.
In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are
economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in
all IC digital logic families.
In fact, an AND gate is typically implemented as a NAND gate
followed by an inverter not the other way around!!
Likewise, an OR gate is typically implemented as a NOR gate
followed by an inverter not the other way around!!
IMPLEMENTING INVERTER
USING ONLY NAND
All NAND input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output
A’.

One NAND input pin is connected to the input signal A while all
other input pins are connected to logic 1. The output will be A’.
IMPLEMENTING AND USING
ONLY NAND GATES
An AND gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure

Here the AND is replaced by a NAND gate with its output


complemented by a NAND gate inverter.
IMPLEMENTING OR USING
ONLY NAND GATES
An OR gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure

Here the OR gate is replaced by a NAND gate with all its inputs
complemented by NAND gate inverters.
IMPLEMENTING AN
INVERTER USING ONLY NOR
GATE
All NOR input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output A’.

One NOR input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other
input pins are connected to logic 0. The output will be A’
IMPLEMENTING OR USING
ONLY NOR GATES
An OR gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure

 The OR is replaced by a NOR gate with its output complemented by a NOR gate
inverter
IMPLEMENTING AND USING
ONLY NOR GATES
An AND gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure

The AND gate is replaced by a NOR gate with all its inputs
complemented by NOR gate inverters
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
FROM GATES CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
Start from left to right
Convert each gate to a Boolean expression
 Look for inputs to the gate and corresponding gate operation

Repeat until you reach output

B
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
FROM GATES CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
Start from left to right
Convert each gate to a Boolean expression
 Look for inputs to the gate and corresponding gate operation

Repeat until you reach output


A+B
A

B
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
FROM GATES CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
Start from left to right
Convert each gate to a Boolean expression
 Look for inputs to the gate and corresponding gate operation

Repeat until you reach output


A+B
A

A.B
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
FROM GATES CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
Start from left to right
Convert each gate to a Boolean expression
 Look for inputs to the gate and corresponding gate operation

Repeat until you reach output


A+B
A

B (A.B)’

A.B
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
FROM GATES CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
Start from left to right
Convert each gate to a Boolean expression
 Look for inputs to the gate and corresponding gate operation

Repeat until you reach output


A+B
A (A+B).(A.B)’

B (A.B)’

A.B
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO
BOOLEAN EXPRESSION
Write Boolean expression and truth table for following diagram
CONVERT BOOLEAN
EXPRESSION TO GATE
CIRCUIT
AC + B’C

Create gate for AC


Create gate for B’
Create gate for B’C
Create gate for AC+B’C
CONVERT BOOLEAN
EXPRESSION TO GATE
CIRCUIT
AC + B’C

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