CEng 3203-Theory of Structures

Chapter Two

Analysis of
indeterminate
structures
Part-1:Analysis of indeterminate structures by Force Method

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24 structures
 Outlines
 Introduction
 Force Methods for analysis of Indeterminate
structures
 Method of Consistent Deformations
 Energy Methods (Least Work Method)
 Three moment equation Method

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Analysis of indeterminate 2
 Learning outcomes of this chapter
 Determine the response of structures by classical
force method, iterative displacement method.

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024
 Introduction
What does mean structural analysis?
 Structural analysis refers to the process of understanding,
assessing, and determining the effects of loads of structural
systems under various loading conditions.
 It involves the use of mathematical models, principles of
physics, and engineering mechanics to predict how
structures will respond to forces such as dead loads, live
loads, wind loads, seismic forces.

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Analysis of indeterminate 4
 Introduction
Methods for analysis of Indeterminate structures
 Regardless of whether a structure is statically
determinate or indeterminate, its complete analysis
requires the use of three types of relationships:
a) Equilibrium equations
b) Compatibility conditions
c) Member force-deformation relations

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Analysis of indeterminate 5
 Introduction
a) Equilibrium equations
 It relate the forces acting on the structure (or its
parts), ensuring that the entire structure as well as
its parts remain in equilibrium.
b) Compatibility conditions
 It relate the displacements of the structure so that its
various parts fit together.

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 Introduction
c) Member force-deformation relations
 It involves the material and cross-sectional
properties () of the members.
 It provide the necessary link between the forces and
displacements of the structure.

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Analysis of indeterminate 7
 Introduction
 In the analysis of statically indeterminate structures,
the equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient
for determining the reactions and internal forces.
 Therefore, it becomes necessary to solve the
equilibrium equations in conjunction with the
compatibility conditions of the structure to
determine its response.

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Analysis of indeterminate 8
 Introduction
 Because the equilibrium equations contain the unknown forces,
whereas the compatibility conditions involve displacements as
the unknowns, the member force-deformation relations are
utilized to express either the unknown forces in terms of the
unknown displacements or vice versa.
 The resulting system of equations containing only one type of
unknowns is then solved for the unknown forces or
displacements, which are then substituted into the fundamental
relationships to determine the remaining response characteristics
of the structure.
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Analysis of indeterminate 9
 Introduction
 Depending on the nature of unknowns; there are
two distinct methods for analysis of indeterminate
structures.
 If the forces are unknowns, then the method is
called the force method, and if the displacements
are taken as the unknowns, then it is known as the
displacement method.

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Analysis of indeterminate 10
 Introduction
 When a structure is having more redundant and/or
highly supported (constrained), it will have high
degree of SI and low degree of KI because of low
degree of freedom (the structure will not be able to
deflect/rotate more).
 Thus, to select an appropriate method (force or
displacement), it is important to known both DoSI
and DoKI.
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Analysis of indeterminate 11
 Introduction
DoSI

DoSI Unstable DoSI Determinate DoSI Indeterminate

structure structure structure

Force Method DoSI DoKI DoSI DoKI

Write EQE and Force Method Displacement Method

calculate unknown Write EQE in terms unknown Write EQE in terms unknown
reaction forces reaction/internal forces displacement using force
displacement relationship
Calculate internal Write additional compatibility
equations in terms unknown Solve unknown displacements
forces by method forces using force
sections/joints displacement relationship
Determine internal forces
Solve unknown reaction forces
Calculate stresses
Calculate stresses
and deflections
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Analysis of indeterminate 12
 Introduction
 The force methods are generally convenient for analyzing small
structures with a few redundants (i.e., fewer excess members
and/or reactions than required for static stability).
 The displacement methods are more systematic, can be easily
implemented on computers, and therefore, preferred for the
analysis of large and highly redundant structures.
 In the part-1 of this chapter, we will learning force methods for
analysis of indeterminate structures and in part-2, we will learning
displacement methods for analysis of indeterminate structures.

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Analysis of indeterminate 13
 Force Methods
Force Methods for analysis of Indeterminate structures
 When the structure is statically indeterminate, the
force methods available for analysis includes:
a) Method of Consistent Deformations
b) Energy Methods (Least Work Method)
c) Three moment equation Method

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Analysis of indeterminate 14
 Force Methods
a) Method of Consistent Deformations
 In this section, we study a general formulation of the force
(flexibility) method called the method of consistent
deformations for the analysis of statically indeterminate
structures.
 This method which was introduced by James C. Maxwell
in 1864, essentially involves removing enough restraints
(i.e. redundants) from the indeterminate structure to
render it statically determinate.
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Analysis of indeterminate 15
 Force Methods
 This statically determinate structure is referred to as the
primary structure.
 When analyzing a structure by the method of consistent
deformations, we can choose any support reaction (force,
moment) or an internal member force as the redundant
provided that the removal of the corresponding restraint
from the given indeterminate structure results in a primary
structure that is statically stable in addition to its statically
determinate.
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 Force Methods
 The redundants are then applied as unknown loads
on the primary structure (statically determinate
structure) by removing all the external applied loads
and analyzed it.
 Then, the primary structure (statically determinate
structure) is loaded by the external applied loads
and analyzed it.

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Analysis of indeterminate 17
 Force Methods
 The value of redundants are determined by solving the
compatibility equations based on the condition that
the deformations of the primary structure due to the
combined effect of the redundants and the given
external loading must be the same as the
deformations of the original indeterminate structure.
 This means the structures should obey the principles
of superposition.
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Analysis of indeterminate 18
 Force Methods
 The principle of superposition states that the load
effects caused by two or more loadings in a
linearly elastic structure (deflection is directly
proportional to load) are equal to the sum of the
load effects caused by the individual loading.
 Once the redundant forces are known, the structure
becomes determinate and can be analyzed
completely using the conditions of equilibrium.
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Analysis of indeterminate 19
 Force Methods
 In this section, we first develop the analysis of statically
indeterminate beams, frames and trusses with a single
degree of static indeterminacy by using the method of
consistent deformations.
 We then extend this method to structures with multiple
degrees of static indeterminacy.
 Finally, we consider the analysis for the effects of support
settlements, temperature changes, fabrication errors or
any other effect.
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Analysis of indeterminate 20
 Force Methods
Method of consistent deformations for structures
with a single degree of static indeterminacy
 To illustrate the basic concept of the method of
consistent deformations, consider the propped
cantilever beam subjected to a concentrated load P
as shown in Figure (SNS).

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 Force Methods

 Since the beam is supported by four support

reactions ( and ), the three equations of equilibrium
( and ) are not sufficient for determining all the
reactions.
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 Force Methods
 Therefore, the beam is statically indeterminate.

 The degree of indeterminacy of the beam is equal to the

number of unknown reactions minus the number of equilibrium
equations that is which indicates that the beam has one more
redundant reaction than necessary for static stability.
 Thus, if we can determine one of the four reactions by using a
compatibility equation based on the geometry of the
deformation of the beam, then the remaining three reactions
can be obtained from the three equations of equilibrium.

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Analysis of indeterminate 23
 Force Methods
How to write compatibility equations?
 To establish the compatibility equation, we select
one of the reactions of the beam to be the redundant.
 A careful observation of the structure being
considered will show that there are two possible
redundant reactions and two possible primary
structures (SNS).

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Analysis of indeterminate 24
 Force Methods
 Alternate A (Taking the vertical reaction at support B as the
redundant reactions)
 We can see that (SNS), if the roller support B is removed
from the beam, it will become determinate while still
remaining statically stable, because the fixed support A alone
can prevent it from translating and/or rotating as a rigid body.
 Thus, the roller support B is not necessary for the static
stability of the beam and its reaction can be designated as the
redundant.
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Analysis of indeterminate 25
 Force Methods

(c) Redundant of unit load applied

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 Force Methods
 After choosing the redundant forces and establishing the
primary structures, the next step is to formulate the
compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of
partial solutions that satisfy equilibrium requirements.
 Because the deflection at support B of the indeterminate
beam is zero, the deflection at support B of the primary
beam due to the combined effect of the external load P
and the redundant must also be zero ().

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Analysis of indeterminate 27
 Force Methods
 The total deflection at end B of the primary beam
due to the combined effect of P and can be
conveniently expressed by superimposing
(algebraically adding) the deflections due to the
external load P and the redundant acting
individually on the beam. That is;
(unyielding support- no support settlement)

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Analysis of indeterminate 28
 Force Methods
Where:
is the deflections at the point B of the primary beam due to
the external load P alone on the beam in the direction of the
load P
is the deflections at the point B of the primary beam due to
the redundant alone on the beam in the assumed direction.
 Both of these deflections are considered to be positive if
they occur in the direction redundant which is assumed to
be upward.
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Analysis of indeterminate 29
 Force Methods
 Since the redundant is unknown, it is convenient to
determine by first evaluating the deflection at B due to a
unit value of the redundant and then the deflection at B due
to the unknown magnitude of the redundant will cause a
deflection of . Thus,

Where is a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection

per unit force and it denotes the deflection at point B of the
primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant .
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Analysis of indeterminate 30
 Force Methods
 Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms
of deflection:

 Which can be solved to express the redundant in

terms of the deflections and of the primary beam:

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Analysis of indeterminate 31
 Force Methods
 Alternate B (Taking the reactive moments at support A as the
redundant reactions)
 To obtain the primary beam, we remove the restraint against
rotation at end A by replacing the fixed support by a hinged
support while still remaining statically stable as shown in Figure
(SNS).
 The redundant is now treated as an unknown load on the primary
beam and its magnitude can be determined from the compatibility
condition that the slope at A due to the combined effect of the
external load P and the redundant must be zero.
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 Force Methods

(e) Redundant of unit moment applied

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 Force Methods
 The reaction moment as the redundant and now
treated it as an unknown load on the primary beam
and its magnitude can be determined from the
compatibility condition that the slope at A due to the
combined effect of the external load P and the
redundant must be zero.

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Analysis of indeterminate 34
 Force Methods
 After choosing the redundant forces and establishing the
primary structures, the next step is to formulate the
compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of
partial solutions that satisfy equilibrium requirements.
 Because the rotation (slope) at support A of the
indeterminate beam is zero, the rotation at support A of
the primary beam due to the combined effect of the
external load P and the redundant must also be zero ().

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Analysis of indeterminate 35
 Force Methods
 The total rotation (slope) at end A of the primary
beam due to the combined effect of P and can be
conveniently expressed by superimposing
(algebraically adding) the deflections due to the
external load P and the redundant acting individually
on the beam. That is;

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Analysis of indeterminate 36
 Force Methods
Where:
is the slopes at the point A of the primary beam due to
the external load P alone on the beam in the direction
of the load P
is the slopes at the point A of the primary beam due to
the redundant alone on the beam in the assumed
direction.

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Analysis of indeterminate 37
 Force Methods
 Since the redundant is unknown, it is convenient to
determine by first evaluating the slope at A due to a unit
value of the redundant and then the slope at A due to the
unknown magnitude of the redundant will cause a deflection
of . Thus,

Where is a flexibility coefficient which has units of slope per

unit moment and it denotes the slope at point A of the primary

beam due to the unit value of the redundant .

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Analysis of indeterminate 38
 Force Methods
 Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms
of slope:

 Which can be solved to express the redundant in

terms of the slopes and of the primary beam:

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Analysis of indeterminate 39
 Force Methods
 Note that the magnitude of has been assigned to be
positive because this rotation occurs in the
counterclockwise direction—that is, the same to the
direction assumed for the redundant .
 After the redundant has been computed, the
reactions and all other response characteristics of
the beam can also be determined by using the
equilibrium equations.
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 Force Methods
Computation methods of Flexibility Coefficients
 There are several methods of computation of
flexibility coefficients when analyzing
indeterminate beams and frames.
 These methods include the use of the Mohr
integral, deflection tables and the graph
multiplication method.

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Analysis of indeterminate 41
 Force Methods
Computation of Flexibility Coefficients Using the
Mohr Integral
 The Mohr integral for obtaining the flexibility
coefficient for beams and frames is expressed as
follows:

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Analysis of indeterminate 42
 Force Methods

Where moment in the primary structure due to the

applied load P.

moment in the primary structure due to a unit load

applied at B.

moment in the primary structure due to a unit moment

applied at A.
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 Force Methods
Computation of Flexibility Coefficients by Graph
Multiplication Method
 The graph multiplication method is based on the
premise that the integral contains the product of two
moment graphs and m.
 To derive the formula for the graph multiplication
method, consider the two moment diagrams and , as
shown in Figure (SNS).
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Analysis of indeterminate 44
 Force Methods
 The graph of is linear, while that of is of an arbitrary
function.

Figure: Moment diagrams.

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Analysis of indeterminate 45
 Force Methods
 Assuming the flexural rigidity is constant, the
integral of the product of these two moment diagrams
can be expressed as follows:

 The elementary area of the bending moment diagram

at a distance from the left end as shown in Figure
(SPS), is written as follows:

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Analysis of indeterminate 46
 Force Methods
 Using trigonometry, the ordinate of the linear graph
at a distance from the origin, as shown in Figure
(SPS), can be expressed as follows:

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Analysis of indeterminate 47
 Force Methods
Computation of Flexibility by Coefficients Beam-
Deflection Tables
 This is the easiest method of computation of
flexibility coefficients.
 It involves obtaining the constants from tabulated
deflections based on the types of supports and
loading configurations.

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods
Analysis of Indeterminate Trusses by method of
Consistent Deformations
 The procedure for the analysis of indeterminate
trusses is similar to that followed in the analysis of
beams and frames.
 For trusses with external redundant restraints, the
procedure entails:

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Analysis of indeterminate 53
 Force Methods
Step-1: Determining the degree of indeterminacy of the
structure
Step-2: Selecting the redundant reactions
Step-3: Writing the compatibility equations

Step-4: Determining the deflection due to the applied load and

the one due to a unit redundant reaction force applied to the
primary structure and
Step-5: solving the compatibility equation(s) to determine the
redundant reactions.
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Analysis of indeterminate 54
 Force Methods
 For trusses with internal redundant members, the
procedure involves
Step-1: Selecting the redundant members
Step-2: Cutting the redundant members and depicting
each of them as a pair of forces in the primary structure,
and
Step-3: Applying the condition of compatibility to
determine the axial forces in the redundant members.
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 Force Methods
 For an example, consider the truss in Figure below.

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Analysis of indeterminate 56
 Force Methods
 This truss is indeterminate to the first degree.
 Members AC and BD of the truss are two separate
overlapping members.
 Either of these members can be considered
redundant, since the primary structure obtained after
the removal of either of them will remain stable.

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Analysis of indeterminate 57
 Force Methods
 Selecting BD as the redundant member, cutting
through it and applying a pair of forces on the cut
surface, and then indicating that the displacement of
the truss at the cut surface is zero suggests the
following compatibility expression:

are known as flexibility coefficiets.

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Analysis of indeterminate 58
 Force Methods
Where:
the relative displacement of the cut surface due to the
applied load P.
the relative displacement of the cut surface due to an
applied unit redundant load on the cut surface.

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Analysis of indeterminate 59
 Force Methods
How we can determine the flexibility coefficients for
the indeterminate truss analysis?
 The flexibility coefficients for the compatibility
equation for the indeterminate truss analysis is
computed as follows:

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Analysis of indeterminate 60
 Force Methods
Where:
the displacement in member of the primary truss due
to applied external load.
the displacement in member of the primary truss due
to the unit redundant force.
axial force in the primary truss members due to the
applied external load.

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Analysis of indeterminate 61
 Force Methods
axial forces in truss members due to the applied unit
redundant load.
length of truss member.
cross sectional area of a truss member.

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Analysis of indeterminate 62
 Force Methods
Method of consistent deformations for structures
with multiple degrees of static indeterminacy
 The method of consistent deformations developed
in the preceding sections for analyzing structures
with a single degree of static indeterminacy can
easily be extended to the analysis of structures with
multiple degrees of static indeterminacy.

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Analysis of indeterminate 63
 Force Methods
 Consider the four-span continuous beam subjected
to a uniformly distributed load , as shown in Figure
below.

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 Force Methods
 The beam is supported by six support reactions
( and ).
 The three equations of equilibrium ( and ) are not

sufficient for determining all the reactions.

 Therefore, the beam is statically indeterminate.

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Analysis of indeterminate 65
 Force Methods
 The degree of indeterminacy of the beam is equal to the
number of unknown reactions minus the number of
equilibrium equations that is which indicates that the beam
has one more redundant reaction than necessary for static
stability.
 Thus, if we can determine three of the six reactions by
using a compatibility equation based on the geometry of the
deformation of the beam, then the remaining three reactions

can be obtained from the three equations of equilibrium.

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Analysis of indeterminate 66
 Force Methods
How to write compatibility equations?
 To establish the compatibility equation and analyze
this statically indeterminate to 3rd degree by method
of Consistent Deformations, we select three of the
reactions of the beam to be the redundant.
 Suppose that we select the vertical reactions at the
interior supports B, C, and D respectively to be the
redundants.
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Analysis of indeterminate 67
 Force Methods
 The roller supports at B, C, and D are then removed
from the given indeterminate beam to obtain the
statically determinate and stable primary beam as
shown in Figure (SNS).

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods
 The three redundants are now treated as unknown
loads on the primary beam, and their magnitudes
can be determined from the compatibility conditions
that the deflections of the primary beam at the
locations B, C, and D of the redundants due to the
combined effect of the known external load and the
unknown redundants must be equal to zero.

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Analysis of indeterminate 72
 Force Methods
 This is because the deflections of the given
indeterminate beam at the roller supports B, C, and
D are zero.
 To establish the compatibility equations, we subject
the primary beam separately to the external load
and a unit value of each of the redundants .

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Analysis of indeterminate 73
 Force Methods
 The deflections of the primary beam at points B, C,
and D due to the external load w are denoted by , ,
and respectively.
 Note that the first subscript of a deflection ∆ (B, C,
and D) indicates the location of the deflection
whereas the second subscript, 0 is used to indicate
that the deflection is due to the external loading.

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Analysis of indeterminate 74
 Force Methods
 The flexibility coefficients representing the
deflections of the primary beam due to unit values
of the redundants are also defined by using double
subscripts.
 The first subscript of a flexibility coefficient
denotes the location of the deflection, and the
second subscript indicates the location of the unit
load causing the deflection.
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 Force Methods
 For example, the flexibility coefficient denotes the
deflection at point C of the primary beam due to a
unit load at point B whereas denotes the deflection
at B due to a unit load at C, and so on.
 A deflection or flexibility coefficient at the location
of a redundant is considered to be positive if it has
the same sense as that assumed for the redundant.

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Analysis of indeterminate 76
 Force Methods
 Focusing our attention at point B of the primary
beam, we see that the deflection at this point due to
the external load is , the deflection due to is , the
deflection due to is , and the deflection due to is
(SNS).
 Thus, the total deflection at B due to the combined
effect of the external load and all of the redundants
is .
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Analysis of indeterminate 77
 Force Methods
 Since the deflection of the actual indeterminate beam at
support B is zero, we set the algebraic sum of the
deflections of the primary beam at B equal to zero to
obtain the compatibility equation, .
 Next, we focus our attention at point C of the primary
beam; by algebraically adding the deflections at C due to
the external load and the redundants and by setting the
sum equal to zero, we obtain the second compatibility
equation, .
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Analysis of indeterminate 78
 Force Methods
 Similarly, by setting equal to zero the algebraic sum
of the deflections of the primary beam at D due to
the external load and the redundants, we obtain the
third compatibility equation:

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Analysis of indeterminate 79
 Force Methods
 The three compatibility equations thus obtained are:

 We can see that for the beam under consideration which is

indeterminate to the third degree, the compatibility equations
contain a total of 12 deflections (i.e., 3 deflections due to the
external loading plus 9 flexibility coefficients).

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 Force Methods
 However, according to Maxwell’s law of reciprocal
deflections, , , and .
 Once the redundants have been determined by
solving the compatibility equations, the other
response characteristics of the structure can be
evaluated either by equilibrium equations.

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 Force Methods
Procedures for Analysis statically indeterminate
structures by Method of Consistent Deformations
 Step by step procedure for the analysis of structures
by the method of consistent deformations:
Step-1: Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the
structure
Step-2: Select redundant forces and/or moments or
internal member forces.
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 Force Methods
Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the
redundants from the given indeterminate structure to
obtain the primary (determinate) structure
Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations. The
number of the equations must match the number of
redundant forces
Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

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 Force Methods
Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the
compatibility equations and solve for the redundant.
Step-7: Apply the computed redundant forces or
moments to the indeterminate structure and evaluate
other functions, such as bending moment, shearing
force, and deflection, if desired, using equilibrium
conditions

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 Force Methods
Support Settlements (Differential settlements)
 Support settlement refers to the downward movement
or sinking of a structure or its foundation due to
changes in the underlying soil or other conditions.
 So far, we have considered the analysis of
indeterminate structures by method of Consistent
Deformation with unyielding supports.

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 Force Methods
 Support settlement may induce significant stresses
in externally indeterminate structures and must be
considered in their analysis and designs.
 Settlements cause such structures to displace and/or
rotate as rigid bodies without changing their shapes.

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 Force Methods
How to considered support settlements in the method
of consistent deformations?
 The method of consistent deformations, as developed
in the preceding sections, can be easily modified to
include the effect of support settlements in the
analysis.
 Consider a three-span continuous beam subjected to a
uniformly distributed load .
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 Force Methods
 Suppose that the supports B and C of the beam
undergo small settlements and respectively as
shown in the figure.

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 Force Methods
 To analyze the beam, we consider the vertical
reactions and to be the redundants.
 The supports B and C are removed from the
indeterminate beam to obtain the primary beam,
which is then subjected separately to the external
load w and the unit values of the redundants and
respectively.

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 Force Methods

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 Force Methods
 By realizing that the deflections of the actual
indeterminate beam at supports B and C are equal to
the settlements and respectively, we obtain the
compatibility equations:

which can be solved for the redundants and .

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 Force Methods
 Note that the right hand sides of the compatibility
equations are no longer equal to zero, as in the case
of unyielding supports considered in the previous
sections, but are equal to the prescribed values of
settlements at supports B and C respectively.

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 Force Methods
 In the case of the beam the end supports A and D do
not undergo any settlement, the chord AD of the
primary beam coincides with the un-deformed
position of the indeterminate beam.
 Therefore, the settlements of supports B and C
relative to the chord of the primary beam are equal
to the prescribed settlements and respectively.

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 Force Methods
 Now, suppose that all of the supports of a beam
undergo settlement as shown in Figure (SNS).
 If we consider the reactions By and Cy to be the
redundants, then the displacements and of supports
B and C respectively relative to the chord of the
primary beam should be used in the compatibility
equations instead of the specified displacements and
.
10/27/2024
Analysis of indeterminate 94
 Force Methods

10/27/2024
Analysis of indeterminate 95
 n s
a t io
or m
e f
t D
te n
s is
o n
f C
d o
th o
Me
O F
D
EN
10/27/2024
Analysis of indeterminate 96