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    Gen Chem 1 Lesson 4

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    Gen Chem 1 Lesson 4

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    8 views26 pages

    Gen Chem 1 Lesson 4

    Uploaded by

    kayemywife8

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Lesson 4

    STOICHIOMETRY
    Stoichiometry
    It examines the quantitative
    relationship between reactants
    and products in chemical
    processes.
    It predicts the quantities of
    substances consumed or created
    during a reaction by carefully
    examining the atoms and
    molecules' ratios.
    CHEMICAL
    COMPOSITION
    Mass Number (A)
    A whole number represents the number of
    protons and neutrons in an atom.
    Atomic Number (Z)
    The average number of protons and neutrons

    Cu
    for all natural isotopes of an element.

    69.17 62.930
    % amu
    Cu 30.83 64.928
    % of the atomic
    Get the average amumass unit of
    the isotopes.
    Atomic mass of copper = [(69.17%)
    (62.930) + (30.83%) (64.928)]/2 = 31.773
    Avogadro’s Number
    The number of atoms, molecules, or
    particles in a mole. The value is equal
    to 6.022 x 10 per mol.
    23

    Example:
    1 mol of Cu = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 63.55g
    1 mol of Cl = 6.022 x 10 atoms = 35.45g
    23

    1 mol of C = 6.022 x 10 atoms = 12.011g


    23
    Mole
    The mass of a substance contains
    6.022 x 10 particles. In chemical
    23

    reactions, the number of elements and


    compounds in the reaction is usually
    given by the ratio of the moles.

    In the equation below, 2 moles of 𝐻2 and 1


    Example:

    mole of O2 are needed to produce 1 mole

    2𝐻2 (g) + 𝑂 2(g)  2𝐻2𝑂


    of 𝐻2𝑂 or water
    Percent Composition
    The percent composition is constant,
    whatever the sample size, and it
    follows the law of definite proportions.
    It is a convenient way to express
    composition for any sample size. The
    mass of each
    component is converted to a
    percentage of the total mass of the
    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
    % 𝐸= sample. 𝑥 100 %
    𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
    Percent Composition
    Example: Given PCl5, find the percent
    composition of each element by mass.
    1. Atomic mass of P = 30.974 g/mol and Cl =
    35.453 g/mol
    2. Since there are 1 atom of P and 5 atoms of Cl

    PCl5 = 30.974 + 5(35.453) = 208.235 g/mol


    in the compound, the total mass is

    3. To find the percent composition:


    30.974
    % 𝑃= 𝑥 100 %=14.87 %
    208.235

    177.265
    % 𝐶𝑙= 𝑥 100 %=85.13 %
    208.235
    CHEMICAL
    REACTIONS
    AND
    CHEMICAL
    EQUATIONS
    Chemical Reaction
    It is a process in which a substance or
    substances are changed into one or
    more new substances.
    Reactants  Products
    NaHCO3 (s) + CH3COOH (aq)  CO 2(g) + 𝐻2𝑂(l) +
    CH
    sodium
    3COONa
    bicarbonate
    + acetic
    (aq)
    acid
    carbon + water + sodium
    dioxide acetate

    • Reactants (starting substances) are placed on the left


    side.
    • Products (substances produced) are placed on the right.
    • The arrow points towards the direction of the reaction.
    TYPES OF
    CHEMICAL
    REACTIONS IN
    AQUEOUS
    SOLUTION
    Synthesis Reaction

    A + B  AB
    two or more reactants form a single
    product.

    Example:

    S + O2  SO2
    Sulfur and oxygen produce sulfur
    dioxide
    Decomposition Reaction

    AB  A + B
    a reactant breaks down into two or more
    products.

    Example:

    CaCO3  CaO +
    Calcium carbonate decomposes to Calcium
    oxide and carbon dioxide
    Single Displacement
    Reaction

    A + BC  B + AC
    one element replaces another in a
    compound.

    Example:
    Zinc and hydrochloric acid reaction produces

    Zn + 2HCl  H2 +
    hydrogen and zinc chloride
    Double Displacement

    AB + CD  AD +
    Reaction
    two ionic compounds exchange ions.

    CB
    Example:
    Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide

    HCl + NaOH  NaCl +


    produce sodium chloride and water
    Combustion Reaction
    a hydrocarbon (a compound containing
    carbon and hydrogen) reacts with oxygen

    (Hydrocarbon) + O2  CO2 +
    to
    form carbon dioxide and water.

    H2Example:
    O
    Methane and oxygen produce carbon dioxide

    CH4 + 2O2  CO2 +


    and water
    BALANCING
    CHEMICAL
    EQUATIONS
    Chemical reactions follow the law of
    conservation of mass. No atoms are created or
    destroyed; they are just rearranged. For a

    𝐻2 (g) + Cl 2(g) 
    chemical equation to be balanced, the same
    number and types of atoms appear on the left
    and right sides of the equation.

    2HCl
    REACTAN
    (g)
    PRODUCT
    𝐻2  H –
    TS S 2HCl  2H + 2Cl H –
    2
    Cl  Cl – 2 2
    2HCl  2H + 2Cl Cl
    2
    –2
    Steps in balancing chemical
    equations
    A. Identify the reactants and products and
    write their correct formulas.
    B. Write down your given equation.
    C. Write down the number of atoms per
    element that you have on each side of the
    equation.
    D. Always leave hydrogen and oxygen for
    last.
    E. Select the element that appears in only a
    single molecule of reactants and only a
    single molecule of products.
    Steps in balancing chemical
    equations
    F. Add coefficient/s to the atom on the right of
    the equation to balance it with the atoms on the
    left of the equation.
    Example:

    C2H6 + O2  CO2 +
    Ethane reacts with oxygen gas and produces
    carbon dioxide and water.

    H2OC –
    REACTANTS PRODUCTS
    C–
    2
    H– 1
    H–
    6
    O– 2
    O–2+1=3
    MASS-MOLE
    RELATIONSHIPS
    IN CHEMICAL
    REACTIONS
    Chemical reaction problems require
    conversion from mass to mole to reaction
    ratios and sometimes density. Recall molar
    mass, the mass in grams of one mole of an
    atom, a molecule, or a compound. Two (2)
    moles of a substance mean times two (2)
    of its mass in grams. The coefficients in a
    chemical equation represent the ratio of
    the molecules in moles. For example, two
    (2) moles of water are formed from 2 moles
    of hydrogen atom (H2) and one mole of
    oxygen atom (O2). Stoichiometric
    calculations are a series of conversions
    Example:
    A hydrochloric acid solution consists of 28.0% HCl
    by mass and has a 1.14 g/mL density.
    What volume of this solution is required to react

    2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)


    completely with 1.87 g Al?

    STEPS:
    1. Convert the 1.87g Al to mols Aluminum:
    1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙
    1.87 𝑔 𝑥 = 0.0693 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙

    2. Convert mols Al to mols


    26.98 𝑔 𝐴𝑙

    HCl: 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙


    0.0693 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙 𝑥 =0.208 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
    2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴𝑙
    2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
    STEPS:
    3. Convert mols of HCl to g
    HCl: 36.46 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
    0.208 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑥 =7.58 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙

    4. Use percentage to get mass of


    1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐻𝐶𝑙

    solution: 100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛


    7.58 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑥 =27.1 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 solution

    5. Convert mass to volume by using


    28 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙

    density: 1 𝑚𝑙
    27.1 𝑔 𝑥 =23.8 𝑚𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
    1.14 𝑔
    Thank you!
    Do you have questions?

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