FIR

E
PROTECTION
AND
ARSON
INV ESTIGATI
Prepared by: Prof. Karolina Erika
A.
Buted, RCrim,
CCS ON
 FIR
E
manifestation of rapid chemical
reaction occurring between fuel
and an oxidizer- typically the
oxygen in the air.

visible effect of the

process of combustion
 Combustion
or
is a complex sequence
Burning of
exothermic chemical reactions
between a fuel and an oxidant
accompanied by the
production of heat or both
heat and light in the form of
either a glow or flames,
 THE FIRE
TRIANGLE
Three things must be presentat the
same time to produce fire:
1. Enough OXYGEN to sustain
combustion 2.Enough HEAT to reach
ignition temperature
3. Some FUEL or combustible material

Together, they produce the

CHEMICAL REACTION that is fire
Take away any of thesethings and
 THE FIRE
TRIANGLE
1.Heat - a form of energy measured in degree of
temperature, the product of combustion that caused the
spread of fire.
2.Oxygen - a colorless and odorless gas and one of the
composition of air that supports fire which is approximately
21% by volume. A source of oxygen is needed.
Approximately 16% is required. Normal air contains 21%
oxygen. Some fuels contain enough oxygen within their
make-up to support burning.
3.Fuel - any substance/combustibles which reacts
chemically flame with oxygen and produces Flame. For a
fire to start there must be something to burn.

Condensed phased/Surface mode (Glowing– represented

by the fire triangle).
THE FIRE
TETRAHEDRON
 THE FIRE
TETRAHEDRON
Today, this theory is modified to explain combustion or
fire as a 4-sided figure, called a tetrahedron. A
tetrahedron resembles a pyramid and offers a new
element when considering combustion.
The fire tetrahedron also explains the flaming mode of
combustion
 THE FIRE
TETRAHEDRON
The heat from the flames drive the chemical reaction.
Heat, fuel and oxygen are the three standing sides of
the figure and all four elements must be present in order
to support combustion.
 FUEL
FUELS (Combustible Materials) – fuel is matter and
matter exist in three physical states: solid, liquid
and gas.
Most fuels release energy by burning with oxygen
in the air

Nuclear fuels do not burn but release energy

through the fission (splitting) of fusion (joining
together) of atoms.
 THE SOLID
FUELS
The most obvious solid fuels are wood, paper and cloth.
Types of Flammable solids
a.Pyrolyzable solid fuels – include many of the ordinary
accepted combustibles: wood, paper and so on.
-vapors released by theirchemical decomposition
support flaming combustion.
-exemplifies a gas-to-gas reaction: the vapors
released mixed with oxygen in the air to produce a flame.
b. Non-pyrolyzable solid fuels – solid fuels that are difficult to
ignite.
-common example is charcoal. Chemical decomposition does
not occur because there are no pyrolyzable elements present.
No vapors are released.
The glowing combustion that results is
an example of a gas-to-solid reaction.
 Factors affecting the
combustibility of wood and
wood-based products
a. Physical form – the smaller the piece of wood, the easier it is to
burn.
b.Moisture content (water content) – the freshly cut wood is more
difficult to ignite and burn than dry wood.
c.Heat conductivity - a poor conductor of heat takes a longer time
to ignite than those materials that are good conductors of heat.
d.Rate and period of heating – less flammable materials don’t
easily ignite and needs direct contact with flame than highly
combustible materials.
e.Rate of combustion – with an unlimited supply of oxygen, the
rate of burns increases, more heat is produced and fuel is
consumed more completely.
f.Ignition temperature – the higher the temperature, the faster it
reaches ignition point and it varies depending on the other
 2 General Groups of Liquid
Fuels
1.Flammable liquids – they are liquids having a flash
point of
37.8 °C (100°F) or under and a vapor pressure not
exceeding 40 psia (2068.6 um) at 37.8 °C.
- can ignite more easily than combustible liquids.
- gasoline, acetone, toluene, diethyl ether, alcohols.

2. Combustible Liquids – these liquids have

flash point at or above 37.8 °C (10 0 °F).
- diesel fuel, motor oil.
 THE GAS FUELS
those in which molecules are in rapid movement and random
motion. They have no definite shape or volume, and assume
the shape and volume of their container.

Examples of gas fuels are acetylene, propane, and butanes.

Some properties of gas fuels are:

compressibility- potential in changes in
volume expandability -potential in
changes in volume permeability- (open
to passage or penetration)
diffusion- (intermingling of molecules)
distribution of molecules of one substance
through those of another
CLASSIFICATION OF
GASES:
Based on Source
According to Physical
Properties According to
Usage
 Based on
Source
1.Natural Gas – the gas used to heat buildings, cook
food, and provides energy for industries.
- It consists chiefly of methane, a colorless
and
odorless gas.
- Methane, ethane, butane, and propane

2.Manufactured Gas – this gas like synthetic liquid fuels

is used chiefly where certain fuels are abundant and
others are scarce.
- Coal gas. Water gas. Producer gas.
 According to Physical
Properties
1.Compressed Gas – gas in which at all normal
temperature inside its container; exist solely in the
gaseous state under pressure.
2.Liquefied Gas – gas, which, at normal temperature
inside its container, exist partly in the liquid state and
partly in gaseous state and under pressure as long as
any liquid remains in the container
3.Cryogenic Gas – a liquefied gas which exists in its
container at temperature far below normal atmospheric
temperature
Examples of this gas are air, carbon monoxide,
 According to
Usage
1)Fuel Gases– used for burningwith air to produce
heat, utilize as power, light, comfort, and process.
-Most commonly used gases are natural
gas and the LPG
(butane and propane).
2)Industrial Gases - for industrial processes as
those
ammoni sulfur in welding and cuttingprocessin
dioxide); (oxygen, (hydroge
acetylene);
a, refrigeration (freon,
chemical g n,
nitrogen, ammonia, chlorine); treatme (chlorin
water
3) Medical Gases – for treatment such nt as e,
anesthesia
fluorine).
(chloroform, nitrous oxide); respiratory therapy (oxygen).
 Nuclear
Fuels
Nuclear fuels provide energy through the
fission or fusion of their atoms

Uranium is the most commonly used

nuclear fuel
Nuclear Fission – split of the
nucleus of atoms
Nuclear Fusion – combination of
two light nuclei of atom
THE HEAT
ELEMENT
HEA
Tnergy
E measured
in temp
energy generated
by the
transmission of
other
form of energy
 HEA
It is T energy
the possessed by a material or
substance due to molecular activity.
Heat is energy in transit; it always flows from
substance at a higher temperature to the
substance at a lower temperature
Heat is thermal energy in motion that travels from
a hot to a cold region.
 HEAT vs TEMPERATURE
Heat should not be confused with temperature,
which is the measurement of the relative amount
of heat energy contained with in a given
substance.
 HEAT TRANSFER
1.Conduction - transfer of heats by molecular activity
with in a material or medium, usually a solid.
 HEAT
TRANSFER
2.Convection – it is the transfer of heat through a
circulating medium, usually air or liquid
-always accompanied by the motion of the liquid or
gas.
-chiefly responsible for the spread of fire in structures
-In large fires, the high fireball that
accompanies the incident is referred to as a
firestorm.
 HEAT
3.RadiationTRANSFER
– radiated heat moves in wave and rays
much like sunlight
-primarily responsible for the exposure hazards that
develop and exist during a fire.
HEAT
TRANSFER
 OXYGEN (Oxidizing
a Agent)
colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous
chemical element, the most abundant of all
elements:
The common oxidizing agent is oxygen present in air.
Air composes 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1 %
inert gas (principally Argon).

21% or more – needed to produce

fire 16-21% oxygen - can support
fire point. 14-15% oxygen can
support flash point 12% oxygen is
 Stages of
Flash point – Temperature
the temperature at which a flammable
liquid forms a vapor-air mixture that ignites
momentarily (mixture with in the explosive range).
lowest temperature at which substance will burn
when ignited but will stop when source of ignition
is removed.
 Stages of
Temperature
Fire point – the lowest temperature of
a liquid in an open container at which
vapors are evolved fast enough to
support combustion.
 Stages of
Temperature
Ignition/Kindling temperature – the minimum
temperature at which the substance must be heated
in order to initiate combustion. Cause self-contained
combustion without the addition of heat from outside
sources.
 Sources of
Heat
CHEMIC ENERG
AL Y
– released as a
result of a
chemical reaction
such as
combustion.
 Sources of
Heat
ELECTRIC ENERG
AL
– Y whe
dev eloped n
electrons
through a flo
conductor. w
 Sources of
Heat
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
– developed when
electrons flow
through a
conductor.
 Terminologi
es
heat – an energy
that is transferred
between two
objects of differing
temperature. lights
–
radiation created
at the atomic
 Terminologi
es
heat – an energy
that is transferred
between two
objects of differing
temperature. lights
–
radiation created
at the atomic
THE
NATURE
OF FIRE
 Nature of
Fire
Pyrolysis – fire
the
consum most
es of the
solid part
fuel.
 Pyrolys
Pyrolysis process: is
Fuel heated until its temperature reaches its fire
point moisture in the fuel
converted into vapour (decomposition)
combustible vapours rise to the surface of the fuel

When the temperature of a certain substance is very

high, it highly combustible vapors
releases FRE
RADICALS known as such E
(combustible
carbon vapors
monoxide, andhydrogen gas
carbon dioxide, as
nitrogen). ,
 Product of
Combustion
Fire Gases
- chemical
composition of the
fuel
- remain when
other products of
combustion cool
to normal
temperature
Hydrogen Sulfide
– gas formed during fires
involving organic material
containing sulfur.
It is Rubber, hair, wood,
colorless, highly toxic gas
with strong odor of rotten
eggs. Exposure for even a
short time is dangerous. It
will ignite at 5000F (2600
C).
Hydrogen Cyanide
- toxic fire gas found in
oxygen starve fires
involving nitrogen
containing materials
such as: Wool, silk,
urethane, polyamides, and
acrylics.
Hydrogen chloride
– gas which can be fatal after only a
few breaths produced in fires involving
chloride containing plastics Plastics can be
found anywhere; from furnishing to
electrical insulation, conduit, and piping
 Product of
FLAME
Combustion
luminous body of the burning gas
which gets hotter and less
luminous when mixed with more
oxygen
the visible light emitting part of a
fire

considered product of incomplete

combustion.
It is the manifestation of fire when
the fire is in its gas phased
 Types of
Flame
According
to
Completene
Types of Flame
According to
Completeness
Luminous flame of
Combustion
–reddish orange; deposits
soot
due to incomplete combustion;
low temp.

Non-luminous flame
–bluish; do not deposit soot;
product of complete
combustion; higher temp.
Types of Flame
According to Burning
Fuel andflame
1.Premixed Air -Mixture
exemplified by a
Bunsen-type laboratory burner
where hydrocarbon is thoroughly
mixed with air before reaching the
flame zone.
2.Diffusion flame - example of flame
of the Oxyacetylene torch (diffused-
dispersed: widely spread). observed
when gas (fuel) alone is forced
through a nozzle
Types of Flame
Based on
Smoothness
Laminar flame
when a particle follows a
smooth path through a
gaseous flame.

Turbulent flame
are those having unsteady,
irregular flows
HEAT

Form of energy
measured in degree of
temperature.

It is the product of
combustion that
spreads the fi re
SMO
KE
A visible product of
incomplete combustion,
A mixture of oxygen,
nitrogen, CO, CO2 and
finely divided particles
released from the burning
material.
Properties
of Fire
Properties of
Fire
Vapor Pressure – force exerted by the molecules on
the surface of the liquid at equilibrium. Pressure of the
vapor resulting from evaporation of liquid.
Temperature – the measure of thermal degree of the
agitation of molecules of a given substance; the
measure of the molecular activity within a substance.
Boiling Point – the constant temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the
atmospheric pressure.
Properties of
Fire
Ignition Temperature – minimum temperature to
which the substance in the air must be heated in order
to initiate or cause self-contained combustion without
the addition of heat from outside sources.
Fire Point – temperature at which the material will give
off ample energy to keep burning.
Flashpoint – temperature at which a material is not
enough to keep burning, but still gives off enough
vapors to cause flame to flash across the surface.
Chemical
Properties
1.Endothermic reaction – changes whereby energy is
absorbed or added before the reaction takes place.
2.Exothermic reaction – changes that release or give off
energy
thus they produce substances less energy than the
reactants. 3.Oxidation – chemical change
which combustible material and
oxidizing agent react.
4.Combustion – the rapid oxidation of substances by
generation of heat and light. A matter that is produced by
Terminologi
es
Propagation of fire - simply means the "spread of fire"
Spontaneous Heating - condition that builds up
temperature high enough to cause ignition. It begins a
cycle of oxidation that builds up heat very slowly in its first
stage
Intensity of Fire simply means “how hot the fire is
burning” determining factors: Type of fuel and
percentage of oxygen
present
Magnitude of Fire - size of fire. Governed by the amount
Stages
of
Fire
Incipient/Beginning
phase/ Overheating

normal room temperature

the temperature at the base
of the fire is 4 0 0 -
8 0 0 °F
ceiling
the temperature
pyrolysis is aboutmostl
products 200
°F water vapor and
are
y carbon
dioxide,
small quantities of carbon
monoxide and sulfides
maybe present.
Free-Burning phase/
Flaming
bursting into flames
accelerated pyrolysis process take place
formation of thermal columns as heat
rises burning in the presence of
adequate
oxygen involved more fuel
temperature is 80 0 -10 0 0 °F at
pyrolytic the base of upward
moves fire, 120on
0-
decomposition
160 0 °F at ceiling
walls(crawling of the flame)
the
patterns (fire leaving
fingerprints) burnt
occurrence of
flashover.
Smouldering
phase
Stage of fire where there is production of
smokes. flame ceases but with dense smoke
and heat oxygen content drops to 13% or
below causing the flame to vanish and heat
to develop in layers ceiling temperature is
1000-1300 °F
heat and pressure in the room builds up
building/room contains large quantities
of superheated fuel under pressure but little
oxygen, leave glowing embers
when sufficient supply of oxygenis
introduced, backdraft occurs.
Dangerous Behavior
of Fire
1. Backdraft – it is the sudden and rapid (violent)
burning of heated gases in a confined area that
occurs in the form of explosion.
may occur because of improper ventilation.
If a room is not properly ventilated, highly
flammable vapors maybe accumulated such that
when a door or window is suddenly opened, the
room violently sucks the oxygen from the
outside and simultaneously, a sudden
combustion occur, which may happen as an
explosion (combustion explosion).
Dangerous Behavior
of Fire
2. Flashover – it is the sudden
ignition of accumulated radical gases
produced when there is incomplete
combustion of fuels.
W hen accumulated volume of
radical
very intense fire gases
that is suddenly
burns, flames
causing there will
capableof be a
jump
to
distance in the form of at fireball.
a
certain
Fireballs can travel to a hundred
yards with in a few seconds.
Dangerous Behavior
of Fire
3. Rollover (Flameover) –
gases produced by
Pyrolysisignites
- involves gases and typified by
a sudden ignition in the
overhead air
-stage of a structure fire when
fire gases in a room or other
enclosed area ignite.
Dangerous Behavior
of Fire
4. Biteback – a fatal
condition that takes place
when the fire resists
extinguishment operations
and become stronger and
bigger instead
Dangerous Behavior
of Fire
5. Flash fire – better known as dust
explosion.
This may happen when the metal
post that is completely covered with
dust is going to be hit by lightning.
The dust particles covering the metal
burn simultaneously thus creating a
violent chemical reaction that
produces a very bright flash followed
by an explosion.
Classificati
on of
Fire
Based on
Cause
1.Natural causes – such as Spontaneous heating,
Lightning, Radiation of
Sunlight
2.Accidental Causes – such as Electrical accidents,
Short Circuit , Sparking, Over heating
of
appliances electrical
Negligence and other forms of human error

3.Intentional causes (Incendiary) - If in the burned

property, there are preparations or traces of
accelerant, plants and trailers, then the cause of fire is
intentional.
Based on
Cause
·Accelerant – highly flammable chemicals that are
used to
facilitate flame propagation.
- Substance that accelerates or speeds the
development and escalation of fire.
Based on
Cause
·Plant – the preparation and or gathering
of combustible materials needed to start a fire.
-designated to feed the fire as rapidly as possible
when the ignition device is lighted.
-such as crumpled paper, cardboards, blankets
and other fast burning materials.
Based on
Cause
•Trailer or Streamer
- the preparation of flammable substances
in order to spread the fire.
-arrangement of flammable materials
intended
to carry fire from one location to another.
-series of flammable liquids or others
substances loading from the source of ignition
to one or more rooms or areas.
examples are: towel soaked in gasoline, liquid
accelerant splashed across the floor.
Based on
Cause
Pudding
- pattern
burnt
resulting from
the use of
liquid accelerant.
CLASSES OF
FIRE
1.Class A Fire – Ordinary fires
2.Class B Fire – Liquid fires
3.Class C Fire - Electrical
fires 4.Class D Fire – Metallic
fires 5.Class K - Kitchen
Fires
CLASSES OF
FIRE
Fire Classes in the U.S.A.
(NFPA) A – regular
combustibles
B – flammable liquids and
gasses C – electrical
appliances
D – combustible
metals K – cooking
Based on Burning Fuel
(the classes of fire)
1.Class A Fire – Ordinary fires
- wood, paper straw, grain, and
grass 2.Class B Fire – Liquid fires
- petroleum products such
as gasoline, lubricating oils, and
greases
3.Class C Fire -Electrical fires
- Use of water is usually dangerous because of the risk of
electrical shock.
4.Class D Fire – Metallic fires
- metals, alloys, or metal compounds either in a solid,
semi solid or liquid state
FIRE CONTROL and
EXTINGUISHMENT
Fire Control - keeping the fire
from spreading or holding the fire to
one area
- to keep the fire at
minimum
level.

Fire Extinguishment - putting the

fire completely out.
The Fire
Extinguishments Theory
The Fire Extinguishments Theory maintains that
“to extinguish a fire, interrupt or eliminate the
supply of any or all of the elements of fire.”

4 General Methods of Fire Extinguishment

1.Extinguishment by Temperature
Reduction 2.Extinguishment by Fuel
Removal 3.Extinguishment by Oxygen
Dilution 4.Extinguishment by Chemical
Inhibition
Extinguishment by
Temperature
Reduction or
Cooling/Quenching
Cooling the temperature of the fire
environment: usually done by using
water.
Lower down the temperature to cool
the fuel to a point where it does not
produce sufficient vapors that burn.
Extinguishment by Fuel
Removal or Separation
Elimination of the fuel supply/source
which maybe done by:

a. stopping theflow of liquid fuel

b.preventing the production of
flammable gas
c. removing the solid fuel at the fire path
d.allowing the fire to burn until the fuel
is consumed
Extinguishment by Oxygen
Dilution or
Blanketing/Smothering
a.reduction of oxygen concentration
at the burning area
b. by introducing inert gases
c. by separating oxygen from the fuel
Extinguishment by
Chemical Inhibition
Some extinguishments agents,
like dry chemical and halon,
interrupt the production of
flame resulting to rapid
extinguishment of the fire.
This method is effective only on
burning gas and liquid fuels.
 What are the methods of
extinguishing the 4 Classes
1.of Fire?
CLASS A FIRES – by quenching and cooling.
- Water is the best agent in cooling the burning solid materials
- water, sand, acid, foam and special solution containing alkali
2.CLASS B FIRES – by smothering or blanketing (oxygen
exclusion).
-foam, loadedstream, carbon dioxide, dry chemical
and vaporizing liquid.
3.CLASS C FIRES – controlled by a non-conducting
extinguishing agent:
-the safest procedure is to always de-energize the electrical
circuit 4.CLASS D FIRES – by using special extinguishing
agents marked specifically for metals
- dry sand and dry talc can put out class D fires
Fire
Extinguishers
is a mechanical device, usually made of
metal, containing chemicals, fluids, or
gasses for stopping fires, the means for
application of its contents for the
purpose of putting out fire
(particularly small fire) before it
propagates, and is capable of being
readily moved from place to place.
CLASSIFICATI
ON OF FIRE
EXTINGUISH
ERS
Class A
Extinguishers
will put out fires in ordinary
combustibles, such as wood
and paper.

Water is the primary liquid

used in these extinguishers
Class B
Extinguishers
should be used on fires
involving flammable
liquids, such as grease,
gasoline, oil, etc.
Class C
Extinguishers
are electrically-energized fires
Designed to stop fires
involving electrical
equipment, appliances, and
tools.
Carbon Dioxide Fire
Extinguisher used mainly
put out Class Cto
fires
Class D
Extinguishers
are designed for use on
flammable metals and are
often specific for the type of
metal in question
Example is Dry Powder
Extinguisher
Class K
Extinguishers
For Kitchen cooking oils and
fats
usually seen in commercial
restaurants and cafeteria.
are designed to extinguish
fires involving animal fats,
oils, lards, and other cooking
elements.
Type of
Extinguishers
1.Water Fire Extinguisher –
extinguisher filled with water
use of fight Class A fires, should
not be used in class C fires.
-works by removing the heat by
cooling
Type of
Extinguishers
2.Foam Extinguisher- AFFF
(aqueous film-forming foam) and
FFFP (film-forming fluoroprotein)
fire extinguishers are rated for
use on both Class A and Class
B fires.
- removing heat and smothers
oxygen
- discharge a foam material
Type of
Extinguishers
3.Carbon Dioxide type
-smothers oxygen and also helps remove heat due to very
cold discharge.
- only be used on Class B & C
-the principal advantage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) fire
extinguishers is that the agent does not leave a residue
after use.
-a significant factor where protection is needed for
delicate and costly electronic equipment.
- It is non-combustible and non-reactive with
most substances.
-CO2 provides pressure for discharge from storage
cylinders or extinguishers.
-These extinguishers are only effective from 3 to 8 feet
Type of
Extinguishers
4.Dry Chemicals
- usually rated for multi-purpose use.
-contains an extinguishing agent and uses a
compressed, non- flammable gas as a propellant.
-Dry chemicals inhibit the chain reaction
and, to a certain degree, cool and smother
the fire.

Types:

a.Regular or ordinary (sodium and potassium

bicarbonate) used only Class B or C Class fires.
b.Multi-purpose dry chemicals (ammonium
phosphate) used on Class A, Class B, and Class C.
Type of
Extinguishers
5.Metal/Sand extinguishers/Dry Powder
-are primarily used for flammable metals
(Class D) and have the characteristics of
a blanketing effect (smothering) on the
fire.
- Powder will act as a heat sink and will
form a crust that cuts off oxygen.
-most common
extinguishing agent used is
sodium chloride.
Type of
Extinguishers
6.Halons/ halogenated also known as Clean Agent
- used on Class B and C fires.
-These are made up of carbon and one or more
halogen elements like fluorine, chlorine, iodine,
and bromine.
- often used to protect valuable electrical
equipment since they leave no residue to clean
up
- bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211)
fire
extinguisher has an agent that is similar to
carbon dioxide in that it is suitable for cold
weather installation and leaves no residue.
Type of
Extinguishers
7.Wet chemical
- first work by removing heat element and
preventing the re-ignition by creating a
barrier between oxygen and the fuel.
- for class A and specially for Class K.
- On Class A fires, the agent works as
a
coolant.
-On Class K fires (cooking oil fires), the
agent forms a foam blanket to prevent
reignition.
Type of
Extinguishers
Steps in Using Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Remember the acronym, "P.A.S.S.
P. Pull the Pin.
A. Aim extinguisher nozzle at the base of the flames.
S. Squeeze trigger while holding the extinguisher upright.
S. Sweep the extinguisher nozzle from side to side,
covering the area of the fire with the extinguishing
agent.
SERVICING AND
MAINTENANCE
A.Maintenance and servicing of fire
extinguishers shall be performed periodically, but
at least once every twelve (12) months, after each
use, or when an inspection shows that the need is
obvious.

B. Hydrostatic test shall be performed every five

(5) years.
The Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP)
Republic Act # 6975, (Chapter 4,
Section 53-59) created the Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP) to be responsible
for the prevention and suppression of
all destructive fires and to enforce the
laws on fire.

Republic Act No. 9263 - BFP and BJMP

Professionalization Act of 2004.
The Bureau of Fire Protection was
created by virtue of RA 6975
primarily to perform the following
functions:
prevention and suppression of all destructive fires
enforcement of the Fire Code of the Philippines (PD 1185) and
other related laws
to investigate all causes of fires and if necessary, file the proper
complaint with the city or provincial prosecutor who has
jurisdiction over the case
In the time of national emergency, all elements of the BFP shall
upon direction of the President, assist the AFP in meeting the
national emergency
establish at least one (1) fire station with adequate personnel,
firefighting facilities and equipment in every provincial capital,
city and municipality
Rank
Classification
Level of Authority
Conduct
to Investigation
1.Municipal Investigation and Intelligence Unit (MIIU) shall have the authority to
conduct investigation on fire incident cases with an incurred damage in the
aggregate amount of not exceeding Twenty Million Pesos (PhP 20,000,000.00).
2.City Investigation and Intelligence Section (CIIS) - aggregate amount of not
exceeding Thirty Million Pesos (PhP 30,000,000.00).
3.Provincial/District Investigation and Intelligence Branch (PIIB/ DIIB) aggregate
amount of above Thirty Million Pesos (Php 30,000,000.00) but not exceeding Forty
Million Pesos (PhP 40,000,000.00).
4.Regional Investigation and Intelligence Branch (RIIB) - aggregate amount of
above Forty Million Pesos (Php 40,000,000.00) but not exceeding Sixty Million
Pesos (PhP 60,000,000.00).
5. Investigation and Intelligence Division of BFP National Headquarters -amount
of
SEC.3. Organization
and Key Positions of
the BFP
Command Position Title Rank

1st in Chief of the Fire Bureau Director

Command/Head Deputy Chief for Administration of the Chief

2nd in Fire Bureau. Deputy Chief for Operation Superintendent

command 3rd of Fire Bureau. Chief

in command Chief of Directorial Staff of the Fire Superintendent

Bureau

4th in Chief
Directors of the Directorates in the
respective National Headquarters
command Superintendent

Regional Director for Fire Protection

Assistant of
Chief Senior
Directorial Assistant Regional Director for
SEC. 5. Appointment
of Uniformed Personnel to
the BFP
a)FO1 to SFO4. – Appointed by the respective Regional Director for Fire
Protection for the regional office uniformed personnel or by the
respective Chief of the Fire Bureau for the national headquarters office
uniformed personnel, and attested by the Civil Service Commission
(CSC);
b)"Fire Ins to Fire Supt. – Appointed by the respective Chief of the Fire
Bureau, as recommended by their immediate superiors, and attested by
the CSC;
c)Fire Sr Supt. – Appointed by the Secretary of the DILG upon
recommendation of the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau, with the
proper attestation of the CSC
d)Fire Chief Supt. To Fire Director.- Appointed by the President upon
recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG, with the proper
SEC. 7. Professionalization and
Upgrading of Qualification
Standards in the Designation of
Uniformed Personnel of the BFP and
Key Position Required Rank Minimum Educational Attainment
the BJMP to Key Positions.
Municipal Fire Marshal Senior inspector 2nd yr Laws or earned at least twelve (12)
units in a master's degree program

City Fire Marshal. Chief or senior inspector 2nd yr Law or 24 Units Masteral
District Fire Marshal, Provincial Fire Marshal, Assistant Superintendent Law Graduate or Master Degree Holder
Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional
Director for Operations and Regional Chief of Directorial
Staff

District Fire Marshal for the National Capital Region, Senior Superintendent Law Graduate or Master Degree Holder
Regional Director for Fire Protection and Director of the
Directorate of the National Headquarters Office.
Deputy Chief for Administration, for Operations and Chief Superintendent Member of the Philippine Bar or Master
Directorial Staff of the Fire Bureau. Degree Holder

Chief of the Fire Bureau Director Member of the Philippine Bar or Master
Degree Holder
SEC.9. Attrition
System for the
Uniformed Personnel of the
a)Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank. – Any uniformed personnel
BFP
of the BFP who is relieved and assigned to a position lower than that
is established for his/her grade in the respective staffing pattern of
the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau, and who shall not be assigned to
a position commensurate to his/her grade within two (2) years after
such demotion in position shall be separated or retired from the service;

b)Attrition by Non-Promotion. – Any uniformed personnel of the BFP

and the BJMP who has not been promoted for a continuous period of ten
(10) years shall be separated or retired from the service, except for
those who are occupying a third-level position;
SEC.9. Attrition
System for the
Uniformed Personnel of the
c) Attrition by Other Means. – Any uniformed personnel of the BFP
BFP
with at least five (5) years of accumulated
active service shall be separated from the service based on
any of the following factors: 1.Inefficiency based on poor
performance during the last two (2) successive
semestral ratings period;
2.Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3) cumulative
semestral rating period;
3.Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform his/her duties
and functions; or
4.Failure to complete the required career courses and/or
appropriate civil service eligibility for his/her position except for
justifiable
SEC.9. Attrition
System for the
Uniformed Personnel of the
d)
BFPSeparation or Retirement from the Fire Bureau and
the Jail Bureau under this Section. – Any personnel
who is dismissed from the BFP and the BJMP
pursuant to the above-enumerated principles in
this Section shall be separated if he/she has
rendered less than twenty (20) years of service, and be
retired if he/she has rendered at least twenty (20)
years of service unless the concerned personnel is
disqualified by law to receive such benefits.
RA 11589
Bureau of Fire Protection
Modernization Act
The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), created under
Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the
“Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of
1990”, as amended, shall exercise the following powers
and functions:
(a) Prevent and suppress all destructive fires on
buildings, houses and other structures, including
those that occur in economic zones, agro-industrial
economic zones, free ports, and special economic
zones, Information Technology (IT) parks and centers,
tourism economic zones, and other similar entities;
forests; land transportation vehicles and equipment;
ships or vessels docked at piers or wharves or
anchored in major seaports, petroleum industry
installations; and airports, in the event of plane
crashes and other similar incidents:
Provided, That the BFP shall collaborate with various local
government units (LGUs) on fire protection services, such
as fire prevention and preparedness, response planning,
and information sharing, as well as on handling fire
management and operational issues;
b) Respond to natural or man-made disasters and other
emergencies, including the conduct of rescue operations,
medical emergencies, and containment of hazardous
materials (HAZMAT), chemical biological, radiological,
nuclear and explosive (CBRNE) materials: Provided, That
the BFP shall actively coordinate and cooperate with the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
and the LGUs on disaster response, risk reduction and
management, in line with Republic Act No, 7160, as
amended, otherwise known as the “Local Government
Code of 1991,” and Republic Act No. 10121, otherwise
known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010”;
(c) Issue implementing rules and regulations, and prescribe
standards, schedule of fees, fire service charges and
administrative penalties, in connection with the
enforcement of Republic Act No. 9514, otherwise known as
the “Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008” and other related
laws;
(d) Require building owners to submit plans and
specifications of their respective buildings and other
pertinent documents as listed in the BFP’s Citizen Charter
pursuant to Republic Act No. 11032, otherwise known as
the Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government
Service Delivery Act of 2018 and evaluate the same to
ensure compliance with Republic Act No. 9514 and other
applicable codes and standards. For this purpose, a fire
safety evaluation clearance shall be issued as a
prerequisite for the issuance of the building permit in
accordance with Republic Act No, 11032;
(e) Investigate all causes of fires, and if necessary, file
the proper complaints with the city or provincial
prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case;
(f) Maintain regional offices which shall formulate and
implement policies, plans and programs of the BFP,
with prior consultation from the LGUs and monitor,
evaluate and coordinate the operations and activities
of the fire service units at the regional levels in
coordination with the Central Office;
g) Establish and maintain fire laboratories and
research and testing facilities with complete
equipment, one (1) each for Luzon, Visayas and
Mindanao areas;
(h) Conduct training of its personnel and officers
including fire volunteers, fire safety practitioners and
fire volunteer organizations, pertaining to fire
prevention and suppression, fire inspection and
clearance, investigation, disaster preparedness,
rescue, emergency medical response, HAZMAT,
CBRNE, and other operations: Provided, That the
conduct of such training must be in coordination with
the LGUs;
(i) Conduct monthly fire prevention campaigns and
information drives in partnership with the LGUs, the
Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG), the Department of Transportation, and
economic zones;
(j) Develop, promote, and implement a
comprehensive fire safety and protection program that
aims to strengthen the capacity of the national
government and LGUs, to build the fire resilience of
communities, and institutionalize measures for
reducing disaster risk, and enhancing disaster and
emergency preparedness and response capabilities.
The BFP shall also empower existing community-
based fire volunteer brigades and encourage the
creation of the same in all LGUs;
(k) Enter into contracts, agreements or similar
undertaking for the acquisition, ownership,
possession, use, administration, lease, disposition, or
acceptance of real or personal property in its name;
(l) Request assistance from the Philippine National
Police (PNP), Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP),
or any government agency or instrumentality,
including government-owned and/or controlled
corporations and LGUs, in the exercise of its powers
and functions, including the use of these agencies’
personnel and facilities upon approval of the head of
the agency concerned; and
(m) Perform such other functions as the President or
the Secretary of the DILG may assign.
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM
The BFP shall, in coordination with the DILG, establish
and implement the BFP Modernization Program which
shall be geared towards the enhancement of the
capability of its personnel and acquisition of state-of-
the-art fire prevention, fire suppression, fire
investigation, and emergency medical and rescue
services facilities and equipment. The BFP
Modernization Program shall consist of the following
components:
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM
(a) Fire Protection Service – The BFP
Modernization Program shall include the
establishment of Fire Protection Service
including the establishment of rescue hotlines
in all LGUs: Provided, That priority shall be
given to municipalities with no existing fire
protection services;
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM
(b) Force Restructuring and
Organizational Development – The BFP
Modernization Program shall develop
the BFP into a compact, efficient,
responsive and modern firefighting force
with the capability to implement
Republic Act No. 9514. Within ninety
(90) days from the promulgation of rules
and regulations to implement this Act,
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM
the BFP shall recommend and submit to the
Secretaries of the DILG and the Department
of Budget and Management (DBM), the
revised organizational structure and staffing
pattern for officers and personnel of the BFP.
The BFP shall design and establish a
qualifications upgrading program for the BFP
officers and personnel in accordance with the
rules and regulations of the Civil Service
Commission;
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM
(c) Capability, Material, and Technology
Development – Upon the effectivity of this Act,
the existing fire protection equipment and
services of the BFP shall be upgraded through
the acquisition of new and modern equipment,
vehicles, and personal protective
equipment: Provided, That the acquisition of new
equipment shall be synchronized with the phase
out of uneconomical and obsolete major
equipment and systems in the BFP inventory;
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM
(d) Specialized Services Development – The BFP
Modernization Program shall establish specialized fire
protection services such as high-rise building fires, forest
fires, aircraft and airport fires, chemical fires, disaster
rescue services, and emergency medical services. It shall
also include the establishment of a Search and Rescue
Force, HAZMAT units, Fire and Arson Investigation Unit,
and Security and Protection Unit in every region and city,
as well as an Emergency Medical Service (EMS) in every
municipality and city: Provided, That each EMS unit to be
established shall be comprised of an ambulance with
adequate medical equipment, and qualified and trained
personnel:
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM
Provided, further, That every Security and Protection Unit
(SPU) shall be composed of two (2) team leaders with the
rank of at least Fire Inspector and team members, who
shall undergo a neuropsychological examination and
periodic trainings: Provided,furthermore, That BFP
personnel with the rank of Senior Fire Officer III may be
given priority to be appointed as SPU team
member: Provided, finally, That SPU shall be provided with
appropriate equipment to protect firefighters during fire
suppression, containment of HAZMAT and CBRNE
materials, fire investigation, and in the performance of all
other acts pertinent to their mandate; and
BFP MODERNIZATION
PROGRAM

(e) Human Resource Development – The modernization

program shall include the development of a comprehensive
training program for BFP personnel and BFP volunteers,
including mandatory training for new entrants and newly-
appointed personnel of the BFP, and BFP volunteers, and
establishment of training facilities.
Fire
Protection
the descriptive term referring to the various
methods used by the bureau to
extinguish stop, and control destructivefire
for
eventual prevention of loss of life and
property.
It has the following objectives:
1.To prevent destructive fire from starting
2.To extinguish (stop or put out) on going destructive
fire
3.To confine a destructive fire at the place where
it began
4.To prevent loss of life and property when fire starts
Fire Fighting
Operations
1.PRE-FIRE PLANNING
developing and defining
systematic course of actions that
maybe performed in order to
realize the objectives of fire
protection: involves the process
of establishing the SOP in case fire
breaks out.
Fire Fighting
Operations
2. EVALUATION – SIZE – UP
“on-the-spot planning or sizing-up the situation”
- this is the process knowing the emergency
situation
- mental evaluation by the operation officer-in-charge
to determine the appropriate course of action that
provides the highest probability of success.

3.EVACUATION
– This the activity of transferring people, livestock, and
property away from the burning area to minimize damage or
destruction that the fire might incur in case it
Fire Fighting
Operations
4.ENTRY
– This is the process of accessing the burning
structure.
- Entry maybe done in a forcible manner.

Purposes of conducting forcible entry:

a.To provide access for fire fighters with equipment
for fire extinguishments
b. To provide rescue
c. To aid in ventilation
Fire Fighting
Operations
5.RESCUE
– This is the operation
of
removing (extricating), thus
saving, people
livestock and from burningother
building andthe involve
properties, conveyingd them
other
to a secure place.
Fire Fighting
Operations
6.EXPOSURE
– also called cover exposure, this
is the activity of securing other
buildings near the burning
structure in order to prevent the
fire from the extending to another
building
Fire Fighting
Operations
7.CONFINEMENT
– This is the activity of
restricting the fire at the place
(room) where it started
- the process of preventing fire
from extending from another
section or form one section to
another section of the involved
building.
Fire Fighting
Operations
8.VENTILATION
– This the operation purposely
conducted to displace toxic gases.
It includes the process of
displacing the heated atmosphere
within the involved building with
normal air from outside
atmosphere.
- clearing the building of smoke
and gases, localize the fire, and
Ventilation
Types
1. Vertical ventilation - from the top and down. Roofs

2.Horizontal ventilation - Windows are the easiest and

generally most available for the common types of
buildings, also doors.

3.Mechanical/forced ventilation - device such as smoke

ejector is utilized to remove faster excessive heat and
dense smoke in a confined building.

4. Combination of Vertical & Horizontal

Steps in the Procedure
for Vertical Ventilation:
1.Check the condition of the roof support to make sure that they have been
burned away or weaken to a point where there is a possibility to collapse
under your weight. Feeling the roof for hot spots helps you determine if the fire
has reached the point to cause weakening.
2. Plan a way of escape from the roof in case of a emergency, such as roof
collapse.
Have a lifeline especially on a peaked roof, to prevent falling.
3.Use any available openings that are part of the roof construction, such
as skylights or roof trap doors
4.Make certain passageway for the smoke and heat extends down through the
ceiling of the room.
5.The opening should be large enough to provide a rapid exit for the smoke and
gases.
6.Work with the wind at your back, keeping in mind the heat, expulsive
Steps in the Procedure
for Vertical Ventilation:
Steps in the Procedure for
Cross, Horizontal
Ventilation
1.Open the windows on the leeward side first, and then open
the windows on the windward side.
2.After one floor is clear, ventilate the next floor in the
same manner.
3. If at all possible, avoid making openings below the level of the
fire.
4.If the opening is made at the same floor level as the fire, hose
lines should be available for immediate use.
5. Avoid ventilating a building in such a way thatfire is
withdrawn
through any building part that is not involved.
6.When making an opening, exercise great care to prevent the
Steps in the Procedure for
Cross, Horizontal
Ventilation
Fire Fighting
Operations
9. SALVAGE
– The activity of protecting the
properties from preventable damage
other than the fire.
The steps are a) remove the
material
outside the burning area,
and b) protecting or cover the
materials by using tarpaulins
(cotton canvass treated with water
proofing).
Fire Fighting
Operations
10. EXTINGUISHMENT
– This is the process of putting out the
main body of fire by using the 4 general
methods of fire extinguishments.
Fire Fighting
Operations
11. OVERHAUL
– This is the complete and detailed
check of the structure and all
materials therein to eliminate
conditions that may cause re-flash
; involves complete
extinguishments of sparks or
smouldering (glowing)
substances (embers) to prevent
possibilities of re-ignition or
rekindling.
Fire Fighting
Operations
After the fire is out, the fire fighters try to
find out exactly where and how the fire
started. The officer in charge makes out a
report that gives all the important facts
about the fire. The report includes
information on injuries, the cause of the
fire, and the estimated cost of repairing
the damage. This is the initial investigation
stage.
Ladder
Type of Ladders
Operations
1. Ground Ladders
2. Aerial Ladders

Ground ladders vary in sizes from 3.1 to 17meters

(10- 55feet) long. It is being carried on a pumper or
firetrucks.
Forms of Ground Ladders:
3. Wall
4. Extension Ladder
5. Hook Ladder (roof) or straight ladder
6. Attic ladder
Ladder
Operations
USES:
1. for rescue
2. to stretch lines into a fire building
3.provide ventilation by giving access to ports, scuttles,
windows, roofs, or other
uplaces that are hard to reach
Ladder
Operations
Ladder
Operations
LADDER
1.Bed ladder - the lowest section of an
TERMINOLOGY
extension ladder
2.Fly ladder - the top section of an extension
ladder
3.Butt - the bottom end of a ladder
4.Heel - the part of the ladder that touches
the ground
5.Halyard - a rope or cable used to raised the
fly ladder
6.Pawl or dog - the mechanism located at the
end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder
LADDER
7.Rung - the cross member of the ladder that is
TERMINOLOGY
used for climbing
8.Top or tip - it is the top part of the ladder
9.Hooks - part of a ladder that is used to hook over
a roof peak, sills, or walls where the heel does
not rest on a foundation. (roof type ladders)
10.Stops - made of metal or wood blocks used to
prevent the fly of an extension ladder from
extending out further from the ladder
11.Guides - light metal strips of an extension
ladder that guides the fly ladder while it is being
raised or lowered
Ladder
Terminology
Natural Cover
Fires
Natural cover fires involve grass, weeds, grain
brush, forest, or any other plant life.

Forest fires are the most dangerous of all natural

cover fires from the standpoint of a national
problem. It involves more than immediate
monetary loss; this is insignificant compared
with the effect on the future water supply
and timber supply with the loss of hunting,
fishing, and recreational facilities.
 Types of Natural Cover
Fires
1.Ground fires ("undergrowth" or "duff"
fires)- travel at ground level or below the
surface.
Dry leaves,humus,peat, and other
organic materials that have become
part of the soil.

2.Surface fires- burn over grass,

weeds, grain, brush, and shrubs.
- Thistype of fire travels rapidly if
the wind is high and when the fuel
is abundant.
The heat is intense but short-lived because
 Types of Natural Cover
Fires
3. Crown fires
Crown fires are in the tops of
trees and in high brush

4. Spot fires
Spot fires are started in advance of
the heads by windblown sparks or
bits of burning material
 FIRE
InINVESTIGATION
the Philippines, the Bureau of fire Protection is
the main government agency responsible for the
prevention and suppression of all destructive fires
on buildings, houses and other structures, forest, land
transportation vehicles etc. as well as the enforcement
of the Fire Code and other related laws.
It has the major power to investigate all causes of fires
and necessary, file the proper complaints with the
proper authority that has jurisdiction over the case
(R.A. no. 6975, sec. 54).
 FIRE
INVESTIGATION
Why Fires should be investigated?
The very reason why fires should be investigated is to
determine the cause of the fire in order to prevent similar
occurrences.

Is Fire Investigation Complex and Unique?

Fire investigation is complex and unique because of the
following reasons:
1.Fire destroys evidence
2.If it is Arson, it is planned, motivated and committed
is discreet.
3.Rarely can there be an eyewitness in Arson.
 FIRE
INVESTIGATION
What are the roles of the Firemen in Fire Investigation?

They are the so-called “Eyes and Ears” of the police

before, during and after the fire has been placed
under control.

1.Information attainable or developed prior to the

arrival at the scene
2.Information available to the firemen at the
scene 3.Information available during overhaul
and thereafter.
Fire Scene/
Arson
Investigation
Process
1. Identifying- identify data,
provides relevant information
and physical things that

2.Collecting- gathering those identified data/physical things

3.Preservation- act of keeping the collected evidence into
its true and original form. To maintain its Forensic and
evidentiary value.
4.Evaluation- determine the probative value or evidentiary
value.
5.Presenting- Court presentation/ exhibits/ expert witness
opinion.

Note: FAI properly documents, packs, seals and labels the

ARREST AND
CUSTODY OVER
ARSON SUSPECT
FAI the suspect for Inquest
subjects
Proceedings before the Office of the
Prosecutor within thirty six (36) hours after the
arrest, or in case of municipalities where no
government prosecutor is assigned, the FAI
subjects the suspect for inquest at the office
of the Provincial Prosecutor’s Office
Summary of
Filing of Arson
Cases
Fire -> FAI -> File Complaint if
Arson -> Prelim Investigation -> File
Arrest (if applicable)
Informationto the Court Warrantless
-> Trial Arrest
(Inform Miranda Rights) -> Medical Exam ->
Initial FAI (Spot Investigation Report) ->
Inquest (36hrs) -> Detain if valid arrest ->
Continue FAI and file complaint Prelim
Investigation -> File Information to the Court
After Fire
Operation Report
made and accomplished by the FAI
concerned about the basic details of
the fire incident Foundation of
making Spot investigation Report and
other investigation report
Ex. receipt of call, engine dispatched, type
of occupancy, number of casualty,
personnel use, sketch, extinguishing
agent used etc.
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS (IRR) OF
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514
OTHERWISE
AS KNOWN
THE “FIRE CODE OF
THE PHILIPPINES OF 2008”
Republic Act No. 9514
Approved on December 19, 2008
Repealed PD 1185
known as the Code of the
"Revised Fire Philippines
of 2008".
DEFINITION OF
Abatement. Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire
TERMS
hazard. Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture
consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to
set off explosives.
Cellulose Nitrate Or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and
explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid
with a cellulose material.
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic
substance,
materials or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro
cellulose) as base.
Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or
fire
resistive materials attached to and extending below the
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air
duct system which automatically closes to restrict the
passage of smoke or fire.
Duct System - A continuous passageway for the
transmission of air.
Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it
will
burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire
escapes. Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible
signal produced by a device or system to warm
the occupants of the building or fire fighting elements
of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to
undertake immediate action to save life and
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to
another or through or around a wall in
approximately the same floor level.
Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between
the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or
building.
Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of
passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as
from the base to the top of the building
High Rise Buildings. Buildings, structures or
facilities fifteen (15) meters or more in height.
High Rise
Buildings department
Automatic

Provided throughout
fire notification with
approved,
supervised sprinkler system

SMOKE CONTROL
FIRE COMMAND
CENTER
For buildings ten (10) storeys or more,
a fire command center shall be
provided in a location approved by
the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
Sprinkler System. - An integrated
network of hydraulically designed piping
system installed in a building, structure
or area arranged
outlet with in systemati patter
s aautomatically c n
which activated by heatdischarges water
or combustion
when
products from a fire.

Standpipe System. - A system of vertical

pipes in a building to which fire hoses
can be attached on each floor, including
a system by which water is made
available to water outlets as needed.
GENERAL AUTHORITY TO
ADMINISTER AND
ENFORCE RA 9514 AND
ITS IRR
The Administration and Enforcement of
the Fire Code and this IRR shall be under
the direct supervision and control of the
Chief, BFP, through the hierarchy of
organization as provided for in Chapter
VI of Republic Act No. 6975,
FIRE
BRIGADES
All business establishments employing at least fifty
(50) persons shall, in addition to the requirements
set forth under Section 7 of RA 9514 for the grant of
Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC), establish an
organization of fire brigade to deal with fire and
other related emergencies

All barangays shall likewise endeavor to organize

their own Fire Brigades.

Each fire brigade shall have a FIRE BRIGADE

CHIEF
ENFORCEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION OF FIRE
A. InspectionMEASURES
SAFETY structures, facilities
of all buildings, DIVISION
premises, hazardous operations, storage and facilities
transportation vehicles of hazardous materials and
and
determination of compliance of provisions of the Fire the
Code of the Philippines and this IRR shall be done by
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
B. Fire safety inspections - pre-requisite to grants of permits
and/or licenses by local governments or other government
agencies. No occupancy permit, business or
operate shall be issued permit to securing a
Inspection Certificate (FSIC)without
from Fire
the Safety
City/Municipal
Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
ENFORCEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION OF FIRE
SAFETY MEASURES DIVISION
C. In coordination with the Building Official, the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall
review, evaluate and assess plans, design
calculations and specifications, and issue the
necessary building Fire Safety Evaluation Clearance
(FSEC) upon determination that design and
specification is in accordance with the provisions of
the Fire Code of the Philippines and this IRR.
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
ASSESSMENT REPORT
(FALAR)
A.All private and public buildings, facilities and structures to
be constructed or being constructed upon the effectivity of
this IRR shall be required to submit FALAR 1 and 2, to the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction as one of the
requirements for securing FSEC or FSIC for the issuance of
Building Permit and Occupancy Permit.

B.All existing private and public buildings, facilities or

structures with occupancy of at least fifty (50) persons shall
be required to submit FALAR 3 annually to the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction when
securing FSIC.
FALAR 1
FALAR 1 - Documentation on Fire and Life-Safety Features
of the Facility (Consisting of a written report prepared by
the Architect and his Fire Protection Consultant. This is a
compilation of the plans/specification and design analysis
normally submitted by the Architect and Engineers.)

FALAR 1 shall be submitted to the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction by the building owner duly
signed by the Architect and Fire Safety Practitioner

The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall not

issue a FSEC for the issuance of Building Permit without
the submission of FALAR 1.
FALAR
2 2 - Documentation submitted by the Contractor/s
FALAR
and the Construction Manager certifying that the
construction was in accordance with the FALAR 1 and
authorized changes. (Documents will be a compilation
report of all approved submittals, test and acceptance
forms of all fire protection and life safety features and
shall form part of the as-built documents turned over
by the contractor to the building owner.)

The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall

not issue a FSIC as a requirement for the issuance of
Occupancy Permit without the submission of FALAR 2.
FALAR
3
FALAR
periodic
3 - Documentationon the required
of the fire and life-safety
maintenance
features of theand up keep
facility.

The building owner shall make available for submission

to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction,
three (3) sets of FALAR 3, duly signed by the Building
Administrator during the regular annual fire safety
inspection.

The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall

not issue a FSIC as a requirement for the issuance of
FSIC AS A PRE-
REQUISITE FOR
ISSUANCE OF
Upon compliance of the fire safety requirements
PERMIT/LICENSE
under Rule 10 of this IRR, a Fire Safety Inspection
Certificate (FSIC) shall be issued by the BFP as a pre –
requisite for the issuance of
Business or Mayor’s
Permit, Permit to
Operate, Occupancy
Permit,
PHILHEALTH
Accreditation for
Hospitals,
DOH License to Operate
FIRE SAFETY
CLEARANCE
Fire Safety Clearance shall be required for the
storage, handling, installation and transportation of
hazardous materials, operations and processes as
may be prescribed in other provisions of this IRR.
Fire Clearance
Certificate
Given to the fire victim in lieu of fire
investigation report for purpose of
insurance claims and for other lawful
applications. FCC can only be issued
to fire incidents which is
ACCIDENTAL in nature.
Fire Incident
Certification
given to fire other occupants who
are affected by the fire incident
for their record purposes and
other legal use upon their
request.
Fire Incident
Clearance/Property
Recovery and Clearing
Permit (PRCP)
given to the fire victim or other
occupants allowing any removal,
retrieval of items stored at the scene
of fire, demolition, reconstruction
and rehabilitation of fire scene after
the complete processing of fire
scene and investigation.
Legal Aspect of Fire
Investigation
LAWS ON ARSON
1.Article 320 – 326 of the Revised Penal Code defines arson, its forms and
penalties

2.PD 1613 – the law amending the law on arson defining the prima facie
evidence of arson

3.RA 7659- An Act to Impose Death Penalty on Certain Heinous Crimes,

amending for that purpose the Revised Penal Code as amended, other
special laws, and for other purposes

4.RA 6975 Sec. 54- provides that the Fire Bureau shall have the power to
investigate all causes of fires and if necessary file the proper complaint with
the City/Provincial Prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case
ARSO
N
-the intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.
-the willful and malicious burning of all kinds of buildings
and structures including personal properties

It is the concern of fire investigation to prove malicious intent

of the offender. Intent must be proved, otherwise, no crime
exist.
The law presumes that a fire is accidental, hence criminal
designs must be shown. Fire cause by accident or criminal
design must be shown. Fire cause by accident or negligence
does not constitute arson.
What is Frustrated
Arson?
Retired Associate Justice FLORENZ D. REGALADO:
Justice Regalado, citing U.S. vs. Valdes, 39 Phil. 240, stated
that: "If rags were set afire in order to burn the building but
no part thereof was burned, the crime is frustrated."
Retired Chief Justice RAMON C. AQUINO and Retired Associate
Justice CAROLINA C. GRINO-AQUINO:
"The fact of having set fire to some rags and jute sacks, soaked
in kerosene oil and placed near the partition of the entresol of
an inhabited house, should not be qualified as consummated
arson, inasmuch as no part of the house had begun to burn,
although the fire would have started in the said partition, had
it not been extinguished on time.“ This comment was made
in reference to U.S. v. Valdes.
What is Consummated
Arson?
The offender did in fact set fire to the roof of
the house and said house was partially burned.
The crime was consummated arson,
notwithstanding the fact that the fire afterwards
extinguished for once it has been started, the
consummation of the crime of arson does not
depend upon the extent of the damage caused.

Setting fire to the contents of a building constitutes

the consummated crime of setting fire to a building
even if no part of the building was burned.
What is the basis of
criminal liability in
arson?
1.Kind and character of the building
burned 2.Location of the building
3.Extent or value of the
damage 4.Whether
inhabited or not.
Simple arson (Prision
Mayor)
(1)any person who sets a house or
property of another

(2)Or when a person sets his own

property on fire which exposed the life
or property of another to danger.
Destructive arson
(Reclusion Temporal
Maximum Period to
Reclusion Perpetua)
Burning property with explosives
Cultural, educational, or social service
building Religious buildings
Transport vehicles
Buildings where evidence are kept
Medical treatment, dorm/lodge/shared
housing, commercial, or entertainment
theater, or similar Anybuilding situated in
populated or congested area
Section 3 – (Reclusion Temporal
to Perpetua) – Other cases of
arson > burning an inhabited
house or dwelling
Government building
Inhabited house or
dwelling Industrial
establishment
Agricultural asset Mills
Transportation
facility/warehouse
Section 4: Special
Aggravating Circumstance
(Imposed to maximum
period)
1.with intent to gain
2.for the benefit of another
3.motivated by hatred or spite
towards the owner/occupant
4.committed by a syndicate (3 or
more
persons)
Section 5. Where Death Results from Arson. If
by reason of or on the occasion of the arson
death results, the penalty of Reclusion Perpetua
to death shall be imposed.
Section 6. Prima Facie
evidence of Arson.
Any of the following circumstances shall constitute prima facie evidence
of arson:
1.If the fire started simultaneously in more than one part of the building or
establishment.
2.If substantial amount of flammable substances or materials are stored
within the building not necessary in the business of the offender nor for
household us. If
3. gasoline, kerosene, petroleum or other
substances or flammable or combustible materials soaked
mechanical, electrical,
therewithchemical,
or or thereof,designed
electronic contrivance
containers or anyto
start a fire, or ashes or traces of any of the foregoing are found in the
ruins or premises of the burned building or property.
4. If the building or property is insured for substantially more than its
actual value at the time of the issuance of the policy.
Section 6. Prima Facie
evidence of Arson.
5.If during the lifetime of the corresponding fire insurance
policy more than two fires have occurred in the same or
other premises owned or under the control of the
offender and/or insured.
6.If shortly before the fire, a substantial portion of the
effects insured and stored in a building or property had
been withdrawn from the premises except in the ordinary
course of business.
7. If a demand for money or other valuable
consideration
was made before the fire in exchange for the
desistance of the offender or for the safety of the
person or property of the victim.
Methods of Proof in
Arson
To prove arson was committed, Corpus Delicti must be
shown and identity of the arsonist must be established.
The following must show it:
1.Burning – that there was fire that may be shown by direct
testimony of complaint, firemen responding to the crime, other
eyewitnesses.
2.Criminal Design – must show that it was wilfully and
intentionally
done. The presence of incendiary devices, flammables such as
gasoline and kerosene may indicate that the fire is not
accidental.
3.Evidence of Intent – When valuables were removed from
the
building before the fire, ill-feeling between the accused and the
Basic Lines of
Inquiry in Arson
1.Point of origin of fire
Investigation
at what particular place in the building the fire
started. The exact physical location
within the Ignition Area where a heat
source and the local fuel interact, resulting
in a fire.
This may be established by an examination of
the witness, by an inspection of the debris at
the fire scene and by studying the fingerprint of
fire.
Steps on How to
Determine the Point
1.Examine the entire interior of the building and determine
of Origin
which room or areas has received the most severe fire
damage
2.Determine the level or origin within the room by
examining and comparing the bottom side of the tables,
shelves, and chairs.
3. Examine the ceiling and look for the following patterns:
a) fire penetration and b) heaviest fire exposure
4. Examine the light bulbs within the room
5.Examine walls within the room and look for fire patterns or
fire cones. Fires generally burn upward and outward, leaving
corresponding fire patterns on wall as a result of heat
Steps on How to
Determine the Point
of Origin
Basic Lines of
Inquiry in Arson
Investigation
2.Motive of Arsonist
1. Economic Gain
2. Concealment of Crime - When the purpose of hiding
a crime or committing a crime, arson was used as
means.
3. Punitive Measure - Committing arson to inflict injury to
another
due to hatred,racketeers
strikers jealousy and
to revenge.
intimidate management or
4. and
Intimidation or Economic Disabling - Arsonist as
saboteurs,
employer.
5. Pyromania
Types of
Pyromania
a.Abnormal Youth –
epileptics, imbeciles and morons
b.Hero Type – a person set a building
on fire and pretends to discover it,
turn on the alarm or make some
rescue works to appear as “hero”
c. Drug addicts and alcoholics
d. Sexual deviates and perverts.
Basic Lines of
Inquiry in Arson
3. Prime Suspects
Investigation (and the Prima Facie
Evidences)

The development of prime suspects -

this involves identification results from
the full development of leads, clues and
traces, the testimony particularly
eyewitnesses and the development of
expert testimony.
Basic Lines of
Inquiry in Arson
4. The Tell Tale
Investigation Signs of Arson
Burned Building
Separate fires
Color of Smoke
Color of flame
Amount of Heat
Smoke Marks
Size of Fire
Direction of
Travel
Intensity Odor
Condition of
Color of
Smoke
White smoke appears before the water from
the fire hose comes in contact with the
fire, it indicates humid material burning.
Biting smoke, irritating the nose and throat
and causing lacrymation and coughing
indicates presence of chlorine.
Black smoke indicates lack of air
Black Smoke accompanied by large flames
it indicates petroleum products and rubber.
Reddish-brown smoke indicates
nitrocellulose, S1, H2, S04, HN03, or HCI
Meaning of
Color of Smoke
Black smoke with deep red flame – petroleum
and Fire
products, tar, rubber, plastics, etc.
Heavy brown with red flame –
bright products nitrogen
White smoke with flame –
bright
products magnesium
Black smoke with red and blue green flame –
asphalt
Purple-violet flame – potassium products
Greenish-yellow flame – Chloride or Manganese
products
Bright reddish yellow flame – Calcium products
Burn
Indicator
Burn indicators effects on
are the materials of orpartial
heating
burning, which are used to indicate
various aspects of fire such as
flammable liquids, and points of
origin.
Burn
Indicator
1.Alligatoring effect: checking of charred wood,
giving it the appearance of the alligator skin.
Large, rolling blisters indicates rapid, intense
heat, while small, flat alligatoring indicates long,
low heat.
Burn
Indicator
2. Depth of char: depth of burning wood
– used to determine length of burn and thereby
locate the point of origin of the fire.
Burn
Indicator
3. Crazing of glass:
- formation of irregular cracks in glass due to
rapid, intense heat, while small, possible fire
accelerant.
Burn
Indicator
4.Sagged furniture springs:
-sagged springs are believed to be possible only
in either afire originating inside the cushions (as
from a cigarette) rolling between the cushions)
or an extrnal fire intensified by a fire
accelerant.
Burn
Indicator
5. Line of demarcation:
boundary between charred and
uncharred material.
Burn
Indicator
6. Spalling:
-breaking off of pieces of the
surface of concrete, brick or
cement due to intense heat.
-Brown stains around the spall
indicate the use of fire
accelerant.
Burn
Indicator
7.Calcination
occurs when gypsum board (also known
as wallboard or sheetrock) is exposed to
heat and the water of crystallization in the
calcium sulfate layer is lost.
As the carbon is burned away, the wall
becomes whiter.
The difference between colors on the
wall
may show lines of demarcation that can
assist the investigator in interpreting fire
flow.