DevOps-Unit4

Ram Mohan. Kanchi

Build Systems
In DevOps, a build system is a critical component of the software development process. The build system is
responsible for compiling, testing, and packaging the source code into a deployable artifact. Here are the key
components of a build system in DevOps:

Version Control System (VCS): The VCS is used to manage the source code and keep track of changes. Git is a
popular VCS used in DevOps.

Build Automation Tool: Build automation tools like Apache Maven, Gradle, and Ant are used to automate the
build process. These tools use build scripts to compile, test, and package the source code.

Continuous Integration (CI) Server: The CI server is used to build and test the code automatically. Popular CI
servers include Jenkins, Travis CI, and CircleCI.

Artifact Repository: The artifact repository is used to store the built artifacts. Popular artifact repositories
include Nexus and Artifactory.

Deployment Pipeline: The deployment pipeline is a series of steps that are executed to deploy the built artifact
to production. The pipeline includes steps like testing, staging, and production deployment.
The build system is an important part of the DevOps process, as it enables automation, reduces manual errors, and ensures
consistency in the build process. With a well-designed build system in place, DevOps teams can build, test, and deploy
software quickly and with confidence.

Here a brief list of build systems

• for java,there is maven,gradle and ant

• for c and c+,there is a make in many different flavors
• for javascript there is grunt
• for scala ,there is sbt
• for ruby,we have rake

Depending on the size of your organization and the type of product your are building you might encounter
Any number of these tools.

Normally, organizations standardize on a single echosystem,such as java and maven or ruby and rake.

“it should be possible for developer to check out the code and build it with minimal
surprises on his or her local developer machine”.

This implies that we should standardize the revision control system and have a single interface to start
Builds locally.
The java components are built with maven.
When the java artifacts are ready,maven calls the NSIS(Nullsoft Scriptable Install System)
To produce a self-contained executable that will install the application on windows.
Jenkins
Jenkins is continuous integration tool that allows continuous development, test and deployment of newly
Created codes.
Jenkins is a popular open-source automation server that is often used as a build server in DevOps pipelines. As a build
server, Jenkins is responsible for automating the building and testing of software applications. Here are some of the key
features of Jenkins as a build server:

Continuous Integration: Jenkins can be configured to build and test code automatically every time changes are made to
the code repository. This helps to catch bugs and errors early in the development process.

Build Automation: Jenkins can automate the build process by running build scripts, compiling source code, and packaging
software artifacts.

Integration with Other DevOps Tools: Jenkins can be integrated with other DevOps tools like Git, Docker, and AWS,
allowing for the creation of a complete CI/CD pipeline.

Easy Configuration: Jenkins has a simple user interface that makes it easy to configure build jobs and pipelines.

Extensibility: Jenkins has a large number of plugins that can be used to extend its functionality, allowing for customization
to fit the specific needs of a development team.
Jenkins is a open source project written in java that runs on windows,linux,mac os…etc

Jenkins was developed by sunmicrosystems

Jenkins consists of plugins

Whenever developers write code, we integrate all the code of all developers at any point of time
And we build, test and deliver/deploy to client. This is called ci/cd.

Workflow of jenkins

We can attach git,maven,selenium and artifact plugins to the Jenkins

Once developer put code in github Jenkins pull that code and send to maven for build

Once build is done,Jenkins pull that code and send to selenium for testing.

Once testing is done,Jenkins pull that code and send to arifactory as per requiement.

We can also deploy with Jenkins.

By using Jenkins as a build server in a DevOps pipeline, teams can automate the build and testing process, reduce manual errors,
and ensure consistency in the build process. With a well-designed Jenkins build server in place, teams can build and deploy
software applications more quickly and with greater accuracy, leading to improved software quality and faster time-to-market.

Read notebook For more about Jenkins

Managing build dependencies
Some build systems ,such as the maven tool , are nice in the way that the maven POM file contains
Descriptions of which build dependencies are needed, and they are fetched automatically by maven
If they are not already present on the build server.

Grunt works in similar way for JavaScript builds. There is a build description file that contains the
Dependencies required for the build.

Golang builds can even contain links to GitHub repositories required for completing the build.

C and C++ builds present challenges in a different way. Many projects use GNU auto tools.
Among them is autoconf,which adapts itself to the dependencies that are available on
The host rather than describing which dependencies they need.so,to build Emacs,a text editor,
You first run a configuration script that determines which of the many potential dependencies are
Available on the build systems.

If an optional dependency is missing, such as image libraries for image support, the optional feature will
Not be available in the final executable. You can still build the program,but you won’t get features that
Your build machine isn’t prepared for.
While this is a useful feature, if you wat your software to work in many different configurations depending
On which system it should run on…in this case, we need to be perfectly sure which features will
Be available in the end. We certainly don’t want bad surprises in the form of missing functionality
On our production servers.

The Red Hat Package Manager(RPM) system offers a solution to this problem.
At the core of the RPM system is a build descriptor file called a spec file
spec file means specification file. It lists, dependencies required for a successful build and
Build commands and configuration options used.
A spec file is a macro-based shell script, you can use it to build many types of software.

After finishing the build using the RPM system, you can get an RPM file, which is a
Very convenient type of deployment artifact for operating systems.

For Debian-based distribution, you get a .deb file

The final output from maven build is a ear file

Ear means enterprise application archive.

Ear files are generated for java enterprise applications

These files will be deployes to production servers.
There is a ruby-based tool called FPM,which can generate source RPMs suitable for
Building, directely from the command line.

This tool is available on github at

http://github.com/jordansissel/fpm.

On fedora, you can install FPM as follows:

Yum install rubygems

Yum install ruby
Yum install ruby-devel gcc
Gem insall fpm

The above commands will install a shell script that wraps the FPM ruby program.

FPM is a very convenient method for creating RPM ,Debain and other package types.
Jenkins plugins
Jenkins is an open-source automation server widely used for continuous integration and continuous delivery
(CI/CD) pipelines.
It allows developers to automate the building, testing, and deployment of software applications.
Jenkins provides a vast collection of plugins that extend its functionality and enable integration with various
tools and technologies.

Here are some popular Jenkins plugins:

1.Git Plugin
2.GitHub Plugin
3. Pipeline Plugin
4. Docker Plugin
5. Artifactory Plugin
6. SonarQube Plugin
7. Email Extension Plugin
8.Slack Notification Plugin
9. HTML Publisher Plugin
10.SSH Agent Plugin
1.Git Plugin: Allows Jenkins to integrate with Git version control systems for source code management.

2.GitHub Plugin: Provides integration with GitHub, allowing Jenkins to build projects triggered by GitHub webhooks and
perform operations like cloning repositories and creating pull requests.

3.Pipeline Plugin: Enables the use of Jenkins Pipeline, a suite of plugins that allows the definition of continuous delivery
pipelines as code using a domain-specific language (DSL).

4.Docker Plugin: Integrates Docker with Jenkins, allowing the creation and management of Docker containers as build
environments.

5.Artifactory Plugin: Enables integration with Artifactory, a universal binary repository manager. This plugin allows
Jenkins to publish build artifacts and resolve dependencies from Artifactory.

6.SonarQube Plugin: Integrates Jenkins with SonarQube, a popular code quality and static analysis platform. It allows the
analysis of source code during the build process and provides reports on code quality, bugs, and vulnerabilities.

7.Email Extension Plugin: Provides extended email functionality for Jenkins, allowing customizable email notifications for
build status, test results, and other events.

8.Slack Notification Plugin: Enables Jenkins to send build notifications and status updates to Slack channels, providing
real-time information to the team.
9.HTML Publisher Plugin: Publishes HTML reports generated during the build process, allowing easy access and viewing of
test results, code coverage reports, and other HTML-based documentation.

10.SSH Agent Plugin: Facilitates SSH key management for Jenkins builds, allowing secure connections to remote servers and
execution of commands on remote machines.

These are just a few examples of the wide range of plugins available for Jenkins. You can explore and install plugins from the
Jenkins Plugin Manager, which is accessible from the Jenkins web interface.
 File system layout
The file system layout in Jenkins typically depends on the operating system and installation method used.

Here's a general overview of the file system layout for a typical Jenkins installation:

Jenkins Home Directory:

The Jenkins home directory is the main directory where Jenkins stores its configuration, data, and job information.

On Linux: /var/lib/jenkins or /var/jenkins_home

On Windows: C:\Program Files\Jenkins or C:\Jenkins

Configuration Files:

config.xml: The main configuration file for Jenkins, which stores global configuration settings.
jenkins.yaml or jenkins.yml: YAML-based configuration file introduced in recent Jenkins versions.

Job and Build Data:

Jobs are organized within subdirectories under the Jenkins home directory.
Each job has its own directory, typically located under jobs/.
Build data, including logs, artifacts, and workspace files, are stored within the job directories.
Plugins and Extensions:
Jenkins plugins are stored in the plugins/ directory.
Each plugin has its own directory within plugins/, containing the plugin's JAR file and other related files.

Logs:
Jenkins logs are located in the logs/ directory.
Common log files include jenkins.log, access.log, and error.log.

Temporary and Cache Files:

Jenkins may create temporary files and caches in the tmp/ directory.
Temporary workspaces for build jobs are often created under workspace/.

Master and Slave Nodes:

For distributed Jenkins setups with master and slave nodes, each node may have its own file system layout.
Slaves typically have a similar layout to the master but may have additional directories for agent-specific data.

It's important to note that the file system layout may vary depending on the Jenkins installation method (e.g., package
manager, manual installation, Docker), customized configurations, and specific plugins in use.
Host server
The host server for Jenkins refers to the machine or server where the Jenkins software is installed and running.
It is the system that hosts and manages the Jenkins instance.
The host server provides the necessary hardware resources and operating system environment for Jenkins to operate
effectively.

Here are some considerations for the host server for Jenkins:

1.Hardware Requirements: The hardware requirements depend on the scale of your Jenkins installation, including
factors like the number of jobs, build frequency, concurrent builds, and the size of the projects. Typically, you need
sufficient CPU, RAM, and disk space to handle your workload.

2.Operating System: Jenkins is compatible with various operating systems, including Linux, Windows, macOS, and
others. You can choose the operating system that best suits your needs and is supported by Jenkins.

3.Java: Jenkins is a Java-based application, so you need to have Java Development Kit (JDK) installed on the host
server. Ensure that the JDK version is compatible with the Jenkins version you are using.

4.Network Connectivity: The host server should have network connectivity to access source code repositories,
external systems, and any dependencies required for your build and deployment processes.
5.Security Considerations: Since Jenkins manages sensitive data and controls the build and deployment processes, it's
important to apply proper security measures on the host server. This includes regular security updates, firewall
configurations, access controls, and authentication mechanisms.

6.Backup and Recovery: Implementing regular backups of the Jenkins home directory and any critical data is
essential to ensure that you can recover from potential failures or data loss.

7.Scalability: If you expect significant growth in your Jenkins usage, consider designing your infrastructure to be
scalable, allowing you to add more resources or distribute the workload across multiple servers or nodes.

Remember that the specific requirements and considerations for the host server can vary based on the size and
complexity of your Jenkins setup, the number of jobs, and the specific plugins and integrations you use.
It's important to assess your requirements and consult the Jenkins documentation for detailed guidance on hardware
and software recommendations.
Build slaves
Build slaves, also known as build agents or Jenkins nodes, are additional machines or servers that assist the Jenkins
master in executing build jobs.
They are used to distribute the workload and enable parallel execution of multiple builds. Build slaves can be set up
on different physical or virtual machines, providing additional computing resources and flexibility for handling
build and test tasks.

Here are some key points about build slaves in Jenkins:

1.Distributed Builds: By configuring build slaves, you can distribute the build workload across multiple machines,
allowing concurrent execution of build jobs.
This helps improve the overall performance and reduces the build time, especially for large-scale projects or when
multiple builds are triggered simultaneously.

2.Node Types:
1. Master Node
2.Slave Nodes

Master Node: The Jenkins master is the central server that controls the build system and manages the build slaves.

Slave Nodes: Build slaves are the machines or servers where the actual build jobs are executed. They connect to the
Jenkins master and receive build instructions.
3.Operating System and Architecture: Build slaves can be set up with different operating systems and architectures to
accommodate the requirements of the build jobs.
For example, you may have build slaves with Linux, Windows, or macOS operating systems, depending on the targeted
environments.

4.Configuration: Each build slave needs to be registered with the Jenkins master by installing and configuring the Jenkins
agent software on the slave machine. The agent communicates with the master to receive build tasks and report the build
status.

5.Labels and Node Selection: Build slaves can be assigned labels based on their capabilities or characteristics (e.g., OS,
software dependencies) to help Jenkins determine which slave should handle specific build jobs.
Labels enable selective assignment of build jobs to appropriate nodes based on their requirements.

6.Scalability: By adding more build slaves, you can scale your Jenkins infrastructure to handle increased build demands.
Jenkins supports the dynamic provisioning of build slaves, allowing you to spin up additional nodes as needed and tear
them down when not in use.

7.Security: Build slaves should be set up with appropriate security measures, including network access controls,
authentication, and limited privileges to ensure the integrity and security of the build environment.

8.Monitoring and Management: Jenkins provides tools for monitoring and managing build slaves. You can view the
status and activity of each build slave, manage their availability, and configure them to be online or offline as required.
Using build slaves effectively can help optimize your build process, distribute workloads, and
increase the efficiency of your CI/CD pipeline. It's important to plan the number and configuration
of build slaves based on your project's needs, resources, and performance requirements.
Software on the host
The software requirements on the host server for Jenkins depend on the specific setup and the needs of your Jenkins
installation.

Here are some common software components and dependencies to consider:

1.Java Development Kit (JDK): Jenkins is built on Java, so you need to have a compatible JDK installed on the host
server. The required Java version may vary depending on the Jenkins version you are using. Jenkins typically supports
OpenJDK or Oracle JDK.

2.Web Container or Servlet Engine: Jenkins runs as a web application, so you need a web container or servlet engine to
host Jenkins. The most commonly used options are Apache Tomcat and Jetty. Some Jenkins distributions come bundled
with a servlet container, while others require you to install and configure it separately.

3.Operating System Dependencies: Depending on the operating system you are using, there may be specific software
dependencies required by Jenkins or its plugins. For example, on Linux, you might need libraries or packages for
integration with source control systems like Git or version management tools like Subversion.

4.Version Control Systems: If your Jenkins installation interacts with version control systems like Git, Subversion,
Mercurial, or others, you will need the necessary software clients or plugins to enable the integration.
5.Build Tools and Runtimes: Jenkins can execute build jobs using various build tools such as Apache Maven, Gradle,
Ant, or specific programming language-specific build tools. If your build jobs use specific build tools or runtimes, make
sure they are installed on the host server.

6.Additional Software and Plugins: Depending on your specific requirements, you may need to install additional
software or plugins to enable integration with external tools, such as database servers, testing frameworks, code quality
analysis tools, deployment tools, or notification systems. These dependencies will vary based on your project's needs and
the plugins you choose to install.

Remember to consult the Jenkins documentation and system requirements specific to your Jenkins version for detailed
information about the software dependencies and compatibility. It's also recommended to keep your software
components up to date with the latest security patches and updates to ensure a stable and secure Jenkins environment.
Triggers
Triggers in Jenkins determine when a build should be initiated or scheduled.
They define the events or conditions that trigger the execution of a Jenkins job.
Jenkins provides a variety of triggers to suit different needs and automation scenarios.

Here are some commonly used triggers in Jenkins:

1.Polling SCM
2. Scheduled
3. GitHub/Bitbucket/GitLab Hooks
4. Trigger Builds Remotely
5. Build after other projects are built
6. Upstream/Downstream Projects
7. Manual Trigger
8.External Events or Triggers

1.Polling SCM: With this trigger, Jenkins periodically checks the source code repository for changes. If changes
are detected, a build is triggered. You can configure the polling interval and specify the branches or files to
monitor for changes.

2.Scheduled: This trigger allows you to schedule builds at specific times or on a recurring basis. You can define
a cron-like schedule to specify the build's timing. For example, you can schedule a nightly build or a build every
hour.
3.GitHub/Bitbucket/GitLab Hooks: Jenkins can integrate with Git-based repositories like GitHub, Bitbucket, and GitLab.
By setting up webhooks on these platforms, Jenkins is notified whenever a repository event occurs, such as a new commit or
a pull request. These events can trigger the corresponding Jenkins job.

4.Trigger Builds Remotely: Jenkins provides an option to trigger builds remotely using an API or by sending a specific
HTTP request to a predefined URL. This enables external systems or scripts to initiate builds programmatically.

5.Build after other projects are built: Jenkins allows you to configure dependencies between jobs. With this trigger, a build
is initiated when one or more specified projects have completed their builds successfully. It helps in establishing build
pipelines or orchestrating complex workflows.

6.Upstream/Downstream Projects: Similar to build dependencies, Jenkins can trigger downstream projects when changes
are detected in upstream projects. This ensures that dependent projects are built whenever changes occur in their
dependencies.

7.Manual Trigger: Sometimes, you may want to trigger a build manually instead of relying on automated triggers. Jenkins
provides options to manually initiate builds through the web interface or by using CLI commands.

8.External Events or Triggers: Jenkins can be configured to listen for external events or triggers using plugins like the
Jenkins Event Triggers plugin. These plugins allow integration with external systems, tools, or events (e.g., an external
deployment, a test completion event) to initiate builds in Jenkins.
These are just a few examples of triggers available in Jenkins. You can choose the appropriate trigger(s) based on
your specific requirements and automation scenarios. Jenkins provides a flexible and customizable triggering system
to support various CI/CD workflows and automation needs.
Job chaining and build pipelines
Job chaining and build pipelines are concepts in Jenkins that allow you to create more complex and arranged workflows by
connecting multiple jobs together.
They help in managing dependencies, sequencing jobs, and creating end-to-end automated build and deployment pipelines.

Job Chaining:
Job chaining is a simple form of connecting multiple jobs in Jenkins. It involves triggering downstream jobs automatically
when the upstream job(s) complete successfully. This allows you to establish a sequential execution flow, where the output of
one job becomes the input for the next job. Jobs can be chained using the "Build after other projects are built" trigger or using
plugins like the Parameterized Trigger Plugin.

For example, you may have a build job that compiles the code, followed by a test job that runs unit tests. By chaining these
jobs, the test job is triggered only when the build job succeeds. If the build job fails, the test job won't be executed.

Build Pipelines:
Build pipelines in Jenkins provide a more advanced and visual way to define and manage complex workflows involving
multiple stages and jobs. Pipelines allow you to model the entire build, test, and deployment process as a series of stages,
each consisting of one or more jobs or tasks.

Jenkins Pipeline, which is based on the Jenkinsfile, is commonly used to define build pipelines. The Jenkinsfile is a text file
that describes the pipeline stages, steps, and their relationships using a declarative or scripted syntax.
Build pipelines offer features like parallel execution, stage-level notifications, manual approvals, and advanced error handling.
They provide a clear overview of the entire build process, enable easier visualization of progress and status, and allow for more
advanced automation scenarios.

Pipelines can integrate with source control systems, run tests, perform code analysis, handle deployments, and more. They
provide flexibility in defining build and deployment steps, allowing you to use various Jenkins plugins and external tools.

With pipelines, you can define stages such as build, test, deploy, and production promotion. Each stage can contain one or more
jobs, and you can define conditions and actions for transitioning between stages. This allows you to create sophisticated, end-to-
end CI/CD pipelines that encompass the entire software delivery process.

Overall, job chaining and build pipelines in Jenkins enable you to create structured, automated workflows that manage
dependencies, control the execution sequence, and provide a visual representation of your build and deployment processes.
Build servers and infrastructure as code
Build servers and infrastructure as code (IaC) are two concepts that are often used together to improve the efficiency, scalability,
and reproducibility of software build and deployment processes.

Build Servers:
Build servers, also known as build machines or build agents, are dedicated machines or virtual instances responsible for
executing the build jobs in a CI/CD pipeline. These servers provide the necessary resources, such as CPU, memory, and disk
space, to perform the build tasks.

Key aspects of build servers include:

1.Configuration: Build servers need to be properly configured with the required software dependencies, build tools, runtime
environments, and other necessary components specific to your project.

2.Scalability: Depending on the workload and size of your projects, you may need to scale the number of build servers to handle
concurrent builds or larger projects efficiently.

3.Isolation: Build servers should be isolated from other environments to ensure consistency and prevent interference from other
processes or dependencies.
Infrastructure as Code (IaC):
Infrastructure as Code is an approach that involves defining and managing infrastructure resources using code, typically using
a declarative language or a configuration management tool.
IaC treats infrastructure components such as servers, networks, and storage as code artifacts, enabling them to be version-
controlled, reviewed, and provisioned programmatically.

Benefits of IaC include:

1.Consistency: Infrastructure provisioning becomes repeatable and consistent across different environments (development,
staging, production) since the infrastructure is defined in code and can be easily reproduced.

2.Scalability: IaC allows for the dynamic creation and scaling of infrastructure resources as needed, reducing manual effort
and providing the ability to handle increased workload or demand.

3.Collaboration: IaC facilitates collaboration among development, operations, and infrastructure teams by enabling version
control, code reviews, and automated deployments.

4.Automation: Infrastructure provisioning and configuration management can be automated using IaC tools, reducing manual
effort and minimizing errors.

5.Traceability and Reproducibility: Infrastructure changes and deployments become traceable and auditable since the entire
infrastructure configuration is captured in code.
Jenkins, being a flexible automation server, can work in conjunction with IaC tools and workflows. For
example, you can use Jenkins to trigger IaC deployments, manage the configuration of build servers,
provision infrastructure resources, and execute build and deployment processes.

Overall, combining build servers with IaC methodologies allows for efficient and scalable build and
deployment workflows, ensures consistency across environments, and improves collaboration and
automation capabilities in software development and delivery.
Building by dependency order
Building by dependency order is a strategy used in software development to ensure that components or modules are built in the
correct order based on their dependencies.
This approach guarantees that dependencies are resolved and available before building the dependent modules, preventing
compilation errors and ensuring the integrity of the build process.

Here's an overview of how building by dependency order works:

1.Dependency Definition: The first step is to define and document the dependencies between different components or modules
of your software project. Dependencies can include libraries, frameworks, modules, or other code artifacts that are required for
the build process.

2.Dependency Management: Use a dependency management tool or mechanism to manage and resolve dependencies. This can
involve specifying dependencies in a configuration file (e.g., package.json, pom.xml, requirements.txt) or using a dependency
management tool like Gradle, Maven, or npm.

3.Dependency Resolution: The build system or dependency management tool analyzes the dependencies defined in the project
and resolves them to determine the correct order for building the modules. It ensures that each module's dependencies are
available and up-to-date before initiating the build process.
4.Build Order Determination: Based on the resolved dependencies, the build system determines the correct order in
which the modules should be built. It establishes a build graph or build plan that specifies the sequence of building
modules to satisfy the dependencies.

5.Sequential Build: The build system follows the determined order and builds the modules one by one. It ensures that
each module's dependencies have already been built or are available before proceeding with the build of the dependent
module.

6.Parallel Builds: In some cases, modules with no interdependencies can be built in parallel to speed up the overall
build process. However, modules with dependencies must be built sequentially to maintain the correct order.

7.Error Handling: If a module fails to build due to missing or incompatible dependencies, the build system may halt the
build process and report the error. This prevents building dependent modules based on incomplete or erroneous artifacts.

By building modules in the correct order based on their dependencies, developers can ensure that the build process is
efficient, avoids compilation errors, and produces reliable and functional software.
It is especially important in complex projects with multiple interconnected components or when using external libraries
or frameworks.
Build tools and CI/CD platforms like Jenkins, Travis CI, and GitLab CI/CD provide features and plugins to manage
dependencies and enforce building by dependency order.
Build phases
Build phases, also known as build stages or build steps, are distinct steps or stages within a build process that are executed
sequentially to create a final build artifact.

Each build phase typically represents a specific task or action necessary to compile, test, package, and prepare the software
for deployment.

Build phases provide a structured approach to the build process, allowing for modularization and easier troubleshooting.

Here are commonly used build phases in a typical software development lifecycle:

1.Clean: In this phase, the build process starts with cleaning the workspace or build environment, removing any remnants
from previous builds to ensure a clean slate.

2.Compile: The compilation phase involves transforming the source code into executable or deployable artifacts. It
typically includes compiling source files, resolving dependencies, and generating intermediate or binary files.

3.Test: This phase focuses on running tests to ensure the correctness and quality of the code. It includes unit tests,
integration tests, and other types of automated tests to verify the behavior and functionality of the software.

4.Package: In the packaging phase, the compiled code and any required resources are packaged into a deployable format
or archive, such as JAR (Java Archive), WAR (Web Archive), or Docker image. This phase prepares the software for
deployment to various environments.
5.Analyze: The analysis phase involves running static code analysis tools or linters to identify potential issues, code
smells, or vulnerabilities in the codebase. It helps enforce coding standards and best practices.

6.Documentation: The documentation phase generates or updates the software documentation, including API
documentation, user guides, release notes, and other documentation artifacts to accompany the software.

7.Deployment: This phase is responsible for deploying the packaged software to the target environment, which may
include development, staging, or production environments. It involves transferring the artifacts and configuring the
necessary infrastructure to make the software operational.

8.Release: The release phase focuses on creating a release version of the software, tagging the build artifact with a
specific version number or release identifier. It may involve generating release notes, updating version control systems, or
publishing the release to a repository.

10.Publish: In the publishing phase, the build artifact is made available for distribution or deployment. This may include
uploading the artifact to a binary repository, publishing it to a package manager, or deploying it to an application store or
marketplace.

These build phases provide a structured approach to the build process, allowing developers to automate and streamline the
software development lifecycle. Build tools like Maven, Gradle, and Ant provide built-in support for defining and
executing build phases, while continuous integration and delivery platforms like Jenkins enable the orchestration and
management of these build phases as part of a CI/CD pipeline.
Maven
Maven is a popular build automation and dependency management tool in the Java ecosystem.
It provides a structured approach to project configuration, dependency resolution, and build lifecycle management.

Here are some advantages and disadvantages of using Maven:

Advantages of Maven:

1.Dependency Management: Maven excels in managing project dependencies. It simplifies the process of including
external libraries and frameworks in your project by automatically downloading and resolving dependencies from remote
repositories. Maven ensures that the correct versions of dependencies are used and handles transitive dependencies
effectively.

2.Convention over Configuration: Maven follows a convention over configuration approach. It provides a standard
directory structure and predefined build lifecycle phases, making it easier for developers to adopt and work on Maven-
based projects. Developers can focus on writing code rather than configuring build scripts from scratch.

3.Build Lifecycle Management: Maven defines a standard build lifecycle consisting of predefined phases such as
compile, test, package, install, and deploy. It simplifies the execution of common build tasks, allowing developers to run
specific build phases or execute the entire build lifecycle with simple commands.
4.Reusability and Standardization: Maven promotes reusability through the use of plugins. It offers a wide range of
plugins for tasks like code compilation, testing, packaging, documentation generation, and more. These plugins can be
easily configured and shared across projects, ensuring standardization and consistency in the build process.

5.Centralized Configuration and Build Profiles: Maven allows developers to define project configurations and build
profiles in a centralized manner using the project's pom.xml file. It enables customization based on different build
environments or project requirements, making it easier to manage variations in builds across different environments.

Disadvantages of Maven:

1.Learning Curve: Maven has a learning curve, especially for beginners who are new to build automation tools or are
not familiar with XML configuration. Understanding Maven's concepts, terminology, and configuring the build can take
some time and effort.

2.XML Configuration: Maven uses XML for configuration, which can be verbose and may require more lines of code
compared to other build tools that use more concise scripting languages. XML configurations can be harder to read and
maintain for large or complex projects.

3.Limited Flexibility: While Maven provides a comprehensive set of build lifecycle phases and plugins, it may not cover
all use cases or specific requirements of every project. Customizing or extending the build process beyond the predefined
build lifecycle may require advanced configuration or scripting.
4.Performance: Maven's dependency resolution process can be slower, especially when working with large projects
or when network connectivity is poor. Maven needs to check and download dependencies from remote repositories,
which can impact build times, especially during initial setups.

5.Lack of Fine-grained Control: Maven's convention-over-configuration approach may limit fine-grained control
over certain build aspects. In some cases, developers may require more control over specific build tasks or want to
deviate from Maven's conventions, which may require advanced customization or using alternative build tools.
Alternative build servers
While Jenkins is a popular choice for build servers, there are several alternative build server options available that offer
different features and capabilities.

The following are some alternatives to Jenkins:

1. GitLab CI/CD
2. Travis CI
3. Circle CI
4. Azure DevOps
5. TeamCity…..etc

1.GitLab CI/CD: GitLab CI/CD is an integrated continuous integration and continuous delivery platform built into GitLab, a
web-based Git repository manager.
It provides a complete DevOps solution with robust CI/CD capabilities, including built-in version control, issue tracking, and
Docker container registry.
GitLab CI/CD offers a simple YAML-based configuration and supports parallel builds, pipelines, and extensive automation
features.

2.Travis CI: Travis CI is a cloud-based CI/CD platform that supports a wide range of programming languages and integrates
with popular version control systems like GitHub and Bitbucket.
It offers a clean and intuitive user interface, easy configuration using a YAML file, and automatic builds triggered by code
commits.
Travis CI supports parallel builds and provides a variety of pre-installed language environments and tooling.
3.CircleCI: CircleCI is a cloud-based CI/CD platform that offers fast and scalable builds.
It supports both Linux and macOS environments and integrates with various version control systems,
including GitHub and Bitbucket.
CircleCI provides a straightforward YAML-based configuration, parallel test execution, and extensive
caching options for faster builds.
It also offers pre-configured machine images and allows customizations through Docker containers.

4.Azure DevOps: Azure DevOps, formerly known as Visual Studio Team Services (VSTS), is a
comprehensive DevOps platform by Microsoft.
It provides a range of tools and services for software development, including build and release management.
Azure DevOps offers both cloud-based and self-hosted build agents, supports various programming
languages and frameworks, and integrates seamlessly with Azure cloud services.
It provides a web-based interface for configuring and managing build pipelines.

5.TeamCity: TeamCity is a powerful and feature-rich build server from JetBrains.

It supports a wide range of build and deployment scenarios, including Java, .NET, and mobile applications.
TeamCity offers extensive customization options, easy integration with version control systems, and a user-
friendly web-based interface.
It provides advanced features like parallel builds, build chaining, and distributed build management.
Collating quality measures
Collating quality measures involves collecting and analyzing various metrics and indicators to assess the quality of a
software project or product.
These measures provide insights into different aspects of software quality, such as code quality, test coverage,
performance, maintainability, and reliability.

Here are some common quality measures that can be collated:

1. Code Quality Metrics

2. Static Code Analysis Metrics
3. Test Coverage Metrics
4. Performance Metrics
5. Security Metrics
6. Maintainability Metrics
7. Maintainability Metrics
8. User Experience Metrics

1.Code Quality Metrics:

a. Cyclomatic Complexity: Measures the complexity of code based on the number of paths through the code.
b. Code Duplication: Identifies duplicated code segments within the codebase.
c. Code Coverage: Measures the percentage of code covered by automated tests.
2.Static Code Analysis Metrics:
a. Coding Standards Compliance: Checks if the code adheres to predefined coding standards and guidelines.
b. Code Smells: Identifies potential code issues, anti-patterns, or violations of best practices.

3.Test Coverage Metrics:

a. Statement Coverage: Measures the percentage of code statements covered by tests.
b. Branch Coverage: Measures the percentage of code branches exercised by tests.

4.Performance Metrics:
a. Response Time: Measures the time taken to respond to user requests or execute specific operations.
b. Memory Usage: Tracks the amount of memory consumed by the software during execution.

5.Security Metrics:
a. Vulnerabilities: Identifies security vulnerabilities or weaknesses in the codebase.
b. Security Testing Coverage: Measures the coverage of security tests conducted on the software.

6.Maintainability Metrics:
a. Maintainability Index: Quantifies the maintainability of code based on factors like complexity, coupling, and
code volume.
b. Change Frequency: Tracks the frequency of code changes, indicating its maintainability and stability.
7.Reliability Metrics:
a. Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): Measures the average time between failures in the software.
b. Mean Time to Recover (MTTR): Measures the average time taken to recover from failures.

8.User Experience Metrics:

a. User Satisfaction: Assesses user satisfaction through surveys or feedback mechanisms.
b. Usability Testing Results: Measures the ease of use and effectiveness of the software from the user's perspective.

Collating these quality measures typically involves using automated tools, such as static code analysis tools, code
coverage tools, performance testing tools, and security scanners.
These tools generate reports and metrics that can be aggregated and analyzed to gain insights into the overall quality of
the software.
The collated measures help identify areas for improvement, prioritize quality-related tasks, and track progress towards
quality goals throughout the software development lifecycle.