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Chapter 2

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6 views15 pages

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

ahsanrahimshar119
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Benazir Bhutto

Shaheed University
Lyari, Karachi
Department of Computing Science & Information
Technology
Programming
(OOP)

CS and IT 2 nd

Semester (CS-IT-
321)
Topic: OOP Concepts & Principles
Object
Definition: a thing that has identity, state, and
behavior

• identity: a distinguished instance of a class


• state: collection of values for its variables
• behavior: capability to execute methods

* variables and methods are defined in a class


Class
Definition: a collection of data (fields/ variables) and
methods that operate on that data
• data/methods define the contents/capabilities of the
instances (objects) of the class
• a class can be viewed as a factory for objects
• a class defines a recipe for its objects
Package
• Collection of Classes

• Preventing naming conflicts.


• For example there can be two classes with name Employee in
two packages, college.staff.cse.Employee and
college.staff.ee.Employee
Software Evolution


To built today’s complex software it is just
not
enough to put a sequence
programming together of and sets
procedures statements we of to
incorporate sound need
and construction techniques and
modules;
program structures that are easy to
comprehend, implement and modify.

Since the invention of the computer,
many programming approaches have been
tried.
Software
Evolution

Such as programming top-
Modular bottom-up
programming, , down
programming
and structured programming.

The primary motivation in each case has been
the concern to handle the increasing complexity
of programs that are reliable and maintainable.
OOP Principles
• There are four main building blocks of OOP
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
Abstraction
• Abstraction is one of the key concepts of object-
oriented programming (OOP) languages. Its main
goal is to handle complexity by hiding unnecessary
details from the user. That enables the user to
implement more complex logic on top of the
provided abstraction without understanding or
even thinking about all the hidden complexity.
Encapsulation
• A key OOP concept: “Information Hiding”
• Key points
• The user of an object should have access only to those
methods (or data) that are essential
• Unnecessary implementation details should be hidden
from the user
• In Java/C++, use classes and access modifiers (public,
private, protected)
Inheritance
• Inheritance:
• programming language feature that allows for the
implicit definition of variables/methods for a class
through an existing class
• Subclass relationship
• B is a subclass of A
• B inherits all definitions (variables/methods) in A
• Superclass variables, subclass objects
• Polymorphism and dynamic binding
Polymorphism
• “Many forms”
• allow several definitions under a single method name
• Example:
• “move” means something for a person object but means
something else for a car object
• Dynamic binding:
• capability of an implementation to distinguish between
the different forms during run-time
Static & Dynamic Binding
• Static:
• Static binding happens at compile-time

• Dynamic:
• Dynamic binding happens at runtime.
Access Modifiers
• Public:
• public means everyone is allowed to access
• Private:
• private means that only members of the same class are
allowed to access
• Protected:
• protected means that members of subclasses are also
allowed
Dry Run
• Dry running a program involves the programmer
working through a program on paper, usually using a
table called a ‘trace table’.
• The programmer adds columns for any variables or
expressions that are important.
• When this has been done, the programmer works
through the program, line by line, filling into the trace
table the values of variables and expressions as they
change.
• By doing this, the programmer can spot the exact
position when things start going wrong with the
program - when variables suddenly contain unexpected
values or expressions don't hold the expected state.

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