General Biology

Explain the Mechanisms

that Produce Change in
Populations from
Generation to
Generation
~Artificial Selection
~Natural Selection
~Genetic Drift
~Mutation
~Recombination
 Artificial Selection
Definition Function
Artificial selection is when Artificial selection has long been
humans intentionally choose used in agriculture to produce
certain traits in plants or animals and crops with desirable
animals over generations, traits.
influencing their evolution. This
process has been practiced for
thousands of years.
 Importance
To create animals and
plants that are more
beneficial to humans
through controlled
breeding.
examples
 Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process by which
organisms with advantageous traits for their
environment are more likely to survive,
reproduce, and pass those traits to their
offspring, while less favorable traits are
gradually eliminated over generations.
Natural selection is a key mechanism in evolution:
1. Variation: Individuals within a species exhibit
variations in traits.
2. Heritability: Traits can be passed down from one
generation to the next.
3. Selection: Environment favors certain traits,
leading to better survival and reproduction for
those possessing them.
4. Adaptation: Over time, the population
accumulates traits suited to its environment.
5. Fitness: Fitness refers to an organism's ability
to survive and reproduce, influencing its
contribution to the gene pool.
6. Gradual Process: Natural selection acts over
generations, shaping populations slowly.
7. Species Change: Over extended periods,
natural selection can lead to significant changes
in species characteristics.
Importance of knowing natural selection

Understanding natural selection is crucial

because it explains how species evolve over time.
It's the mechanism by which traits that enhance
survival and reproduction become more prevalent
in a population. This knowledge is fundamental to
comprehending biodiversity, adaptation, and the
intricate web of life on Earth.
Studying natural selection provides insights into
the mechanisms driving evolution, helping us
understand how species adapt to their
environments over time. It's fundamental to
grasp biodiversity, disease resistance, and
ecological balance, aiding advancements in fields
like medicine and conservation.
How did natural selection benefited humans?

Natural selection benefited humans by favoring

traits that enhanced survival and reproduction. Over
time, advantageous traits, such as intelligence,
adaptability, and social cooperation, became more
prevalent in the human population, contributing to
our species' success and ability to thrive in various
environments.
 Genetic Drift
Random changes to the Genetics of a Population
• 2 Main types of Genetic Drift
- Founder Effect
- Bottleneck Effect

• Founder Effect
- A small group moving to a new area to begin a new
Population

• Example of The Founder Effect

- Ladybugs
- Humans
Original population New population

Population that
migrated
Similarities of Bottleneck and Founder Effect
- New Population Grown from small subset of the Original Population
Difference of Bottleneck and Founder Effect
• Founder Effect
- Original Population will live on in their original location
- New Population was begun in a different location
• Bottleneck Effect
- most of the Original Population will be wiped out by a disaster such
as storm, fire, or even desease
- The original population will have chances of survivors or will be
completely instinct.
 Summary
Genetic Drift
- Random Changes and Have 2 Examples:
> Founder Effect
> Bottleneck Effect

• Founder Effect
- small group leaves with a varying gene frequency
• Bottleneck
- Random reduction in a population due to a random event
 Mutations
A sudden abrupt change to the genetic
material of organisms. And they occur on
the genetic material of an Organism or in
the DNA.
 List of mutations
-Spontaneous mutation.
They are mainly caused during DNA replication or by
incorporation of incorrect nucleotide in the growing DNA
chain.
They occur naturally by images and then a sequence during
replication.
-Induced mutation.
Induced mutations are caused by the changes in DNA brought
about by some environmental factor called mutagens.
 Types of mutations
Chromosome mutations

May involve:
Changing the structure of a chromosome.
The loss or gain of part of a chromosome.

Five types exist :

Deletion
Inversion.
Translocation.
Nondisjunction.
Duplication.
 Deletion

Due to breakage.
A piece of a
chromosome is lost.
 Inversion

Chromosome segment
breaks off.
Segment flips around
backwards.
Segments reattach.
 Duplication
Occurs when a gene
sequence is repeated.
Translocation.
Involves 2 chromosomes
that aren't homologous.
Part of 1 chromosome is
transferred to another
chromosome.
 Translocation
Two Chromosomes that
aren't homologous. New
light.
Part of 1 chromosome is
transferred to another
chromosome.
 Nondisjunction
Failure of chromosomes to
separate during meiosis.
Causes gamete to have
too many or too few
chromosomes.
 GENE MUTATION

Change in the nucleotide sequence of a

gene. ​
May involve a single nucleotide. ​
Maybe you to copying errors, chemical,
Viruses, etc.
Types of gene mutations
include:
Missence mutation

Nonsense mutaion

Silent mutaion

Insertion or Deletion

Duplication

Frameshit mutation
 Missense mutation

This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair

that results in the substitution of one amino acid for
another in the protein made by a gene.
 Nonesense Mutation

A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA

base pair. Instead of substituting one amino acid
for another, however, the altered DNA sequence
prematurely signals the cell to stop building a
protein.
 Silent
mutation
Some mutations that change DNA
bases do not have any effect on
the sequence of amino acids in
the protein. These mutations are
called silent mutations and they
do not affect the structure or
function of the protein because
there is no effect on the amino
acid sequence.
 Insertion or Deletion

An insertion changes the

number of DNA bases in a
gene by adding a piece of DNA.
A deletion removes a piece of
DNA.
Insertion or Deletion
 Duplication

An insertion
changes the number
of DNA bases in a
gene by adding a
piece of DNA. A
deletion removes a
piece of DNA.
 Frame Shift mutaion
A frameshift mutation occurs when the
aforementioned "addition" or "deletion" mutations
result in a change to the gene's reading frame,
which includes groups of three bases that encode
for an amino acid. The change in the reading frame
alters the grouping of the bases and subsequently
changes the amino acids that are encoded. Often,
the encoded protein is non-functional.
Frame Shift mutaion
 Repeat Expantion

Repeat expansion is a specific type of gene

mutation characterized by the abnormal increase in
the number of repetitive DNA sequences within a
gene. These repetitive sequences, also known as
tandem repeats or microsatellites, consist of short
DNA sequences (usually 1-6 base pairs in length)
that are repeated consecutively multiple times
within the gene.
Repeat Expantion
 Recombination
recombination is a process
by which pieces of DNA are
broken and recombined to
produce new combinations
 • DNA
- shaped like a twisted
ladder
- inside your cells, these DNA
ladders are arranged in long
strands called Chromosomes
Nucleus of a cell undergoing Starting
Meiosis: here:
 Prophase 1:
• 2 pairs of Chromosomes come together - During Synapsis, the 2
• Pairing of 2 chromosomes are called chromosomes will
'Synapsis' approach each other
• Making a unit called 'Tetrad'
 • Example of a part of a • In some cases, a railroad like
chromosome that has track will cross between the
crossed chromosomes
• the crossed part is called • its called synaptonemal complex
'Chiasma'
 • with the help of • These Chromosome that
Synaptonemal Complex, the swapped is called Crossing
chromatids will swap Over/Genetic Recombination
materials
• End of Meiosis

• Place them on 4 Different

Gametes
Thank you
Ruby Ann Joy R Ubaldo
Jensel Ann D Patron
Archie De Jesus
Jasper Olinda