For Educational Purpose only

CL203 – FLUID MECHANICS

III Semester BTech (Chemical Engineering & Chemical

Engineering – Plastics & Polymer)
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Module 3:
•Internal incompressible viscous flow:
•Introduction;
•flow of incompressible fluid in circular pipe;
•laminar flow for Newtonian fluid;
•Hagen-Poiseuille equation;
•flow of Non-Newtonian fluid,
•introduction to turbulent flow in a pipe;
•energy consideration in pipe flow,
•relation between average and maximum velocity,
•Bernoulli’s equation–kinetic energy correction factor; head loss; friction factor;
major and minor losses,
•Pipe fittings and valves. [8]
 LECTURE PLAN AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR 40 [ONE HOUR]
For Educational Purpose only

LECTURES
Module 3: Internal incompressible viscous flow: Introduction; flow of incompressible fluid in
circular pipe; laminar flow for Newtonian fluid; Hagen-Poiseuille equation; flow of Non-
Newtonian fluid, introduction to turbulent flow in a pipe; energy consideration in pipe flow,
relation between average and maximum velocity, Bernoulli’s equation–kinetic energy correction
factor; head loss; friction factor; major and minor losses, Pipe fittings and valves. [8]

Lecture I
Internal incompressible viscous flow: Introduction; flow of incompressible fluid in circular pipe;
Lecture II
Laminar flow for Newtonian fluid; Hagen-Poiseuille equation;
Lecture III
Flow of Non-Newtonian fluid,
Lecture IV
Introduction to turbulent flow in a pipe;
Lecture V
Energy consideration in pipe flow,
 LECTURE PLAN AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR 40 [ONE HOUR]
For Educational Purpose only

LECTURES
Module 3: Internal incompressible viscous flow: Introduction; flow of incompressible fluid in
circular pipe; laminar flow for Newtonian fluid; Hagen-Poiseuille equation; flow of Non-
Newtonian fluid, introduction to turbulent flow in a pipe; energy consideration in pipe flow,
relation between average and maximum velocity, Bernoulli’s equation–kinetic energy correction
factor; head loss; friction factor; major and minor losses, Pipe fittings and valves. [8]

Lecture VI
Relation between average and maximum velocity,
Lecture VII
Bernoulli’s equation–kinetic energy correction factor;
Lecture VIII
Head loss; friction factor; major and minor losses, Pipe fittings and valves.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of conservation of energy for a system:

•The equation can be written in rate form as

•where the total energy of the system is given by

•The system energy per unit mass e may be of several types:

 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•The system energy per unit mass e may be of several types:

•Where u is the specific internal energy, V the speed, and z the height (relative to a
convenient datum) of a particle of substance having mass dm.
•To derive the control volume formulation of the first law of thermodynamics, we set
•N = E and η = e in RTT.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•Since the system and the control volume coincide at t0

•We can write the equation as:

•Where e is:

•The above equation is the control volume formula for the first law of thermodynamics:
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•The term Ŵ in the above equation has a positive numerical value when work is done
by the control volume on the surroundings.
•The rate of work done on the control volume is of opposite sign to the work done by
the control volume.
•The rate of work done by the control volume is conveniently subdivided into four
classifications,

•SHAFT WORK:
•We shall designate shaft work Ŵs and hence the rate of work transferred out through
the control surface by shaft work is designated Ŵs.
•Examples of shaft work are the work produced by the steam turbine (positive shaft
work) of a power plant, and the work input required to run the compressor of a
refrigerator (negative shaft work).
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•Work done by normal stresses at the control surface:
•Recall that work requires a force to act through a distance.
•Thus, when a force, F, acts through an infinitesimal displacement, ds, the work done is
given by

•To obtain the rate at which work is done by the force, divide by the time increment, ∆t

•Hence the rate of work done on the area element is Normal Stress = Force/Area
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•Work done by normal stresses at the control surface:
•Since the work out across the boundaries of the control volume is the negative of the
work done on the control volume,
•the total rate of work out of the control volume due to normal stresses is

•Work done by Shear stresses at the control surface:

•Just as work is done by the normal stresses at the boundaries of the control volume, so
may work be done by the shear stresses.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•Work done by Shear stresses at the control surface:
•Since the work out across the boundaries of the control volume is the negative of the
work done on the control volume,
•the rate of work out of the control volume; due to shear stresses is given by

•This integral is better expressed as three terms

 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•Work done by Shear stresses at the control surface:

•Other Work:
•Electrical energy could be added to the control volume. Also electromagnetic energy]
e.g., in radar or laser beams, could be absorbed. In most problems, such contributions]
will be absent, but we should note them in our general formulation.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•Control Volume Equation:
•Substitute the expression of rate of work done in first law, we get:

•Rearrange the terms:

 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•First Law of Thermodynamics:

•Control Volume Equation:
•We know that the normal stress is negative of the thermodynamic pressure –p. Hence

•Now substitute the value of e in the last term we get the familiar energy equation of
first law for a control volume as:

•Each work term in the above equation represents the rate of work done by the control
volume on the surroundings.
•Note that in thermodynamics, for convenience, the combination u + pv (the fluid
internal energy plus what is often called the "flow work") is usually replaced with
enthalpy, h = u + pv (this is one of the reasons h was invented).
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Bernoulli’s Equation interpreted as an Energy Equation:

•An equation identical in form to Bernoulli’s equation (although requiring very
different restrictions) may be obtained from the first law of thermodynamics.
•Our objective in this section is to reduce the energy equation to the form of the
Bernoulli equation.
•Consider steady flow in the absence of shear forces. We choose a control volume
bounded by streamlines along its periphery. Such a boundary, shown in Fig. often is
called a stream tube.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Bernoulli’s Equation interpreted as an Energy Equation:

•An equation identical in form to Bernoulli’s equation (although requiring very
different restrictions) may be obtained from the first law of thermodynamics.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Bernoulli’s Equation interpreted as an Energy Equation:

•An equation identical in form to Bernoulli’s equation (although requiring very
different restrictions) may be obtained from the first law of thermodynamics.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Bernoulli’s Equation interpreted as an Energy Equation:

•An equation identical in form to Bernoulli’s equation (although requiring very
different restrictions) may be obtained from the first law of thermodynamics.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Bernoulli’s Equation interpreted as an Energy Equation:

•The above Equation would reduce to the Bernoulli equation if the term in parentheses
were zero.
•Thus, under the further restriction,

•The above Equation is identical in form to the Bernoulli equation.

•The Bernoulli equation was derived from momentum considerations (Newton's second
law), and is valid for steady, incompressible, frictionless flow along a streamline.
•The above Equation was obtained by applying the first law of thermodynamics to a
stream tube control volume, subject to restrictions 1 through 7 above.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow:

•Consider, for example, steady flow through the piping system, including a reducing
elbow, shown in Fig.
•The control volume boundaries are shown as dashed lines.
•They are normal to the flow at sections 1 and 2 and coincide with the inside surface of
the pipe wall elsewhere.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow:

•Consider, for example, steady flow through the piping system, including a reducing
elbow, shown in Fig.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow:

•Since we know that for viscous flows the velocity at a cross-section cannot be
uniform.
•However, it is convenient to introduce the average velocity into Eq. so that we can
eliminate the integrals.
•To do this, we define a kinetic energy coefficient.

•We can think of α as a correction factor that allows us to use the average velocity ύ to
compute the kinetic energy at a cross section.
•For laminar flow in a pipe, α = 2.0.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow:

•For Turbulent Flow, the equation is:
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α:

•Kinetic energy correction factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow
per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy oo the flow
per second on average velocity across the same section.
•Hence mathematically,

•Prove α = 2
•Kinetic energy of the fluid flowing through the elementary ring of radius r and of
width dr per sec.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α:

•Kinetic energy correction factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow
per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy oo the flow
per second on average velocity across the same section.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α:

•Kinetic energy correction factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow
per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy oo the flow
per second on average velocity across the same section.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α:

•Kinetic energy correction factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow
per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy oo the flow
per second on average velocity across the same section.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α:

•Kinetic energy correction factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow
per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy oo the flow
per second on average velocity across the same section.
 CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

•Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α:

•Kinetic energy correction factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow
per second based on actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy oo the flow
per second on average velocity across the same section.
• CL203 FLUID MECHANICS For Educational Purpose only

• FLUID STATICS:

• Reference:
• Fluid Mechanics by Fox
• Fluid Mechanics by Bansal
• Fluid Mechanics by Young
• NPTEL