Unit 4:

• Lecture, Discussion, and Demonstration

Methods
1. Lecture Method
 Definition.
• Lecture is when an instructor is the center
focus of information transfer.
• Usually, very little exchange occurs
between teacher and students during a
lecture.
• In the lecture method, only the teacher
talks, and students are passive listeners.
• Since the students do not actively
participate this is a teacher-controlled
and information-centered method.
 Introduction
• The lecture method is the oldest method of teaching.
• It is based on Idealism and it is an autocratic style of teaching.
• The lecture method is the most widely used form of presentation.
• This method is centered on presenting content and does not consider
the listeners' interests and personalities.
• It is a teacher-controlled and information-centered approach in which
the teacher works as a sole resource in classroom instruction.
 Purpose of the Lecture Method
• To provide structured knowledge.
• To motivate and guide students to seek knowledge.
• To arouse student interest in a subject.
• To introduce students to a new topic.
• To clarify difficult concepts.
• To assist in preparing students for a discussion.
 Structure of Lecture
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Body of the text.
• 3. Closure or conclusion of the lecture.
 Lecture Techniques
1. Body movement and distance. 8. Control annoying mannerisms

2. Facial Expression 9. Effective use of audio-visual aids.

3. Gesture 10. Simple plans and key points.

4. Pronunciation 11. Proper feedback from students.

5. Voice Quality 12. Management of time.

6. Pauses

7. Proper body Language

 Advantages of Lecture Method
• Factual Information
• Useful for large gatherings.
• Cost-effective.
• Quick and straightway.
• Great control.
• A useful method for auditory learners.
• Easier to create.
• Familiar method.
• Time saving.
 Disadvantages of the Lecture
Method
• Content or Subject-centered.
• One-sided affair.
• Need proficient oral skills.
• Passive audience.
• Minimize feedback from students.
• No place for group activities.
• Leave gaps in understanding.
2. Discussion Method
 Definition
• The word ‘discuss’ has been
derived from the Latin
‘discutere’, which means to
shake or strike. Thus discussion
refers to thoroughly shaking up
the subject such as examining it
thoroughly to conclude.
 Discussion Method
• Discussion is a student-centered teaching method.
• Group discussion is a cooperative, problem-solving activity that seeks
a general agreement regarding the solution to a problem.
• Two or more participants who have agreed topic to discuss and share
views on all the aspects of the particular topic and come to an end or
conclusion.
 Purpose of the Discussion
Method
• To clarify information and concepts.
• To share information.
• To develop team building and social skills.
• Development of the right attitude to develop problem-solving skills as
a group.
• To arouse student interest.
 Principles of Discussion Method
• The objective should be clearly defined and understood by all participants.
• Teachers should carefully prepare a facility to guide them.
• Students of the discussion group should come prepared and have basic
knowledge about the topic to be disclosed.
• Leaders need to guide and coordinate the proceeding so that the discussion
can be kept to the point.
• Record the main point of discussion.
• Each one in the group should feel free to participate and shy ones should
be encouraged to contribute.
• The discussion should be properly ended.
 Characteristics of the
Discussion Method
• Ensure maximum participation.
• Students have the opportunity to criticize and evaluate.
• Logical and meaningful criticism should be accepted.
• Students should anchor the discussion themselves.
• Keeping teachers as a guide.
• Teachers select the topic only with the help of students.
• The teacher divides the class into different groups and gives the topics of the discussion to each
group.
• Every group has a leader to anchor and conduct the discussion.
• Students who have leadership qualities should be selected for anchoring.
• Relevant topics should only be considered.
• In the end, the teacher concludes the discussion with the help of leadership.
 Types of Discussion/Forms of
Discussion
Small group discussion Large group discussion

• Role Play • Formal Group discussion

• Participatory Learning Approach • Seminars

• Dialogue

• Panel discussion

• Symposium
 Advantages of Discussion Method
• Emphasis on Learning instead of Teaching.
• Participation by Everybody.
• Training in reflective thinking
• The discussion makes the topic interesting.
• Training in self-expression.
• Enhancing student self-esteem
• It helps to develop problem-solving skills.
• Ability to compare and contrast.
• Enhance Democratic values, team building, and social skills in students.
Disadvantages of the Discussion
Method
• More time and effort.
• Success is based on good preparation.
• It may not end with a solution.
• It may create emotional stress.
• Few students may dominate the discussion.
• When both the teachers and students come ill-prepared for a
discussion nothing good can be achieved except some meaningless
verbal exchange between the students.
3. Demonstration Method
 The Word
‘Demonstration’ is
derived from the word
‘demonstrate’, which
means, “Show how to
do”.
 3. Demonstration Method
• The Demonstration Method of teaching is a trendy and
effective way of teaching.
• It is a form of teaching where the teacher shows the students
how to do something, and then the students do it themselves.
• This can be done with physical objects, or with pictures and
diagrams.
• The Demonstration Method is often used in classrooms, as it
is a very good way of teaching new concepts to students.
• It is a powerful method of instruction that will facilitate
speedy and efficient learning in your students or learners.
• There are many other ways to demonstrate, including using
video, photos, or actual things.
 Importance of Demonstration Method

• An important tool in the teaching toolbox is the

demonstration method of teaching.
• Because it enables the teacher to physically demonstrate to
the students what they must do, it is a particularly effective
method of teaching.
• This is an especially important method to use when teaching
complex topics or tasks.
• Students can see exactly what they need to do and how to
do it.
• This method is often used in conjunction with the lecture
method of teaching.
• It’s crucial to keep the following things in mind while
adopting demonstration as a teaching method:
• The demonstration’s objective
• who will see the demonstration
• The resources needed for the demonstration
• Introduction:
• The lesson’s goals are laid out in this
step, during which the teacher may
also be referred to as a demonstrator.
The activity that is to be developed is
demonstrated to the class by him.
• Development:
• The demonstrated activity is tried to
be mimicked by the students. The
instructor makes an effort to answer
any questions by providing further
demonstrations and examples.
• Integration:-
• The teacher combines all the
activities at this stage, which is
followed by rehearsal, revision, and
evaluation.
 Characteristics of
Demonstration Method
1. The demonstration should be done simply.
2. In this strategy, attention is paid to all students.
3. The goals and objectives of the demonstration are very clear.
4. It is a very planned strategy.
5. Time is given for rehearsal before the demonstration.
 Nature of Demonstration
Method
• Teacher-centered teaching method.
• Overcomes demerits of the lecture method.
• The teacher experiments in front of the class.
• Ask questions relevant experiment.
• Students are trained to observe.
• Students actively participate in interesting methods of teaching.
 Requisites for a good demonstration
• Appropriate arrangements: If a Science experiment, the apparatus should be
arranged properly and visible to the students.
• Demo Table: When there is no Demo table, the teacher can perform experiments in
any of the students' table front row.
• Sufficient Light: Need for adequate lighting for the demonstration table and
background. Proper background is very important. Black things should never be
shown in front of the blackboard.
• Apparatus: Demonstration apparatus should be as large as possible and should be
visible.
• Teaching Aids: The teacher must be sure the teaching aids are arranged
beforehand. Demonstration experiments should be supplemented with teaching
aids like charts, pictures, diagrams, models, etc.
• Use of BlackBoard: A large blackboard or whiteboard is essential. During the lesson,
the teacher can use it to great advantage. Necessary simple diagrams can be drawn
on it.
 Essential Steps to be Followed
in Demonstration
1. Planning and Preparation.
2. Introducing the Lesson.
3. Presentation of the Subject Matter.
4. Performance of experiments.
5. Blackboard work.
6. Teaching Aid.
7. Evaluation.
 Advantages of Demonstration
Methods
• It helps a student in having a deeper understanding of the topic.
• It helps students remain active in the teaching-learning process.
• It leads to permanent learning.
• It accounts for the principles of reflective thinking.
• It helps to create interest in topics among students.
• It helps in arousing the spirit of discovery among students.
• It imparts maximum learning to students.
 Disadvantages of
Demonstration Methods
• Teacher dominate.
• It can be costly as it requires costly materials.
• No scope for individual differences.
• It can be a time-consuming method.