Expressions and Operators

in C
ESC111: Fundamentals of Computing I
Expressions in C pow is a function in math.h
(power function)
2
We use math formulae all the time in physics, chem,
x = y*y + z*z (= y 2
+ z 2
)
math
a=b/5
x=y*y+z*z
x = (int)(pow((double)y, 2.0) + pow((double)z, 2.0))
Mr C calls these formulae expressions
Oh! So two expressions
x = y * y + z * z is an expression for Mr Ccan be added together to
y * y + z * z is also an expression for Mr Cget another expression!
y * y is also an expression for Mr C So is z an
z * z isIt also
It sure sure an expression for Mr C expression?
Yes, take two expressions and do
is! is! operations like addition, multiplication,
or assignment (=) with them and a So is 5 an
new expression will emerge expression?
ESC101:
Fundamentals of
Expressions and Operators
 Expressions in C consist of one or more
variables/constants
 An expression contains one or more operators, such as
c = a + b - 2;
 Operators in C can be one
Yes. of the following type
But I will tell you
 Arithmetic some other I think I have
 Unary interesting things already seen/used

about them and Arithmetic and
Relational and logical
other operators Assignment
 Assignment operators in
 Conditional previous
lectures/labs! 3
Arithmetic operators
 Already seen. Operate on int, float, double (and
char) Op Meaning Example Remarks

+ Addition 9+2 is 11
9.1+2.0 is 11.1
- Subtraction 9-2 is 7
9.1-2.0 is 7.1
* Multiplicatio 9*2 is 18
n
9.1*2.0 is 18.2
/ Division 9/2 is 4 Integer
division
9.1/2.0 is 4.55 Real division
4
% Remainder 9%2 is 1 Only for int
Unary operators
Operator
- Negative of an expression

++/-- Increment/decrement a
variable
sizeof Output memory box size for a
variable
type (examples: int, float, Type-casting
double, etc)

5
Unary Operators - Negative
 Operators that take only one argument (or
operand)
 -5
 -b
 Observe that – is both an arithmetic and
unary operator
 Meaning depends on context
 This is called overloading

6
Unary operators – increment and decrement
 Increment (++) increases a variable by 1
 Decrement (--) decreases a variable by 1 Note: The variable’s
 ++variable is the pre-increment operator value will change for
the rest of the
 Means increment, then use program
 variable++ is the post-increment operator
 Means use, then increment Work with all
data types
 Likewise, the -- can be pre/post decrement
int main(){
char a = ‘A’; float b = 3.31;
printf("%c\t%f\n",++a,b++); B 3.31
A 4.31
printf("%c\t%f",--a,b--);
return 0;
}
7
Unary operators - sizeof
 Syntax
 sizeof var
 sizeof(type)
 Returns size of the operand in bytes
 sizeof(char) will return 1
 sizeof(float) will (mostly) return 4
 Very useful when you are porting programs
across computers
8
 Unary operators - typecast
 Syntax
 (type) var, for example – (int) a, (float) a, etc
 We have already seen this Size is 8
 What will be the output of this program? Size is 1
C
int main(){
double a = 67.2;
printf("size is %d\n", sizeof a);
printf("size is %d\n", sizeof((char) a));
printf("%c", (char) a);
return 0;
} 9
Precedence Rules for Unary Operators
 Precedence rules tell us the order in which the
operators will be applied in any C expression
 Unary ops are above arithmetic ops, only below Bracket has
brackets the highest
 If a is 1 and b is 2, what will a + -b be evaluated
precedence
-1
as?
3
int main(){
 What int aabout
= 1; intthis
b = 2;program?
printf("%d", a + - + - b);
return 0;
}
Note +x is10x
 Associativity Rules for Unary Operators
 Associativity rules tell us how the operators of
same precedence are grouped (e.g., a+b+c will be
evaluated as (a+b)+c, not a+(b+c))
 For unary operators, the associativity is from right
to left
 Important to remember this
 Most other operators’ associativity is left to-2right (e.g., +
int main(){
operator)
int a = 1;
 What will this program print?
printf("%d", - ++a);
return 0;
} 11
Relational Operators
 Compare two quantities
Operator Function Result is
> Strictly greater than 0 or 1
>= Greater than or equal to
< Strictly less than
<= Less than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to 1 means
condition
true, 0
 Work on int, char, float, double… means
false
12
Relational Operators: Some Examples
Rel. Expr. Result Remark
3>2 1
3>3 0
‘z’ > ‘a’ 1 ASCII values used for char
2 == 3 0
‘A’ <= 65 1 'A' has ASCII value 65
‘A’ == ‘a’ 0 Different ASCII values
(‘a’ – 32) == ‘A’ 1
5 != 10 1
1.0 == 1 AVOID May give unexpected result due to
approximation

Avoid mixing int and float values while comparing.

Comparison with floats is not exact! 13
Relational Operators: Another
Example
 Problem: Input 3 positive integers. Print the count
of inputs that are even and odd.
INPUT
 Do not use if-then-else OUTPUT
10
Even=1
5 Odd=2
int a; int b; int c; 3
int cEven; // count of even inputs
scanf(“%d%d%d”, &a,&b,&c); // input a,b,c

// (x%2 == 0) evaluates to 1 if x is Even,

// 0 if x is Odd
cEven = (a%2 == 0) + (b%2 == 0) + (c%2 == 0);
printf(“Even=%d\nOdd=%d”, cEven, 3-cEven);
14
Assignment Operator
• Basic assignment (variable = expression)

Variant Meaning
Var += a Var = Var + a
Var -= a Var = Var – a
Var *=a Var = Var *a
Var /=a Var = Var/a
Var %=a Var = Var%a

15
Precedence of Assign Operators
 Always the last to be evaluated
 x *= -2 *(y+z)/3
 x = x*(-2*(y+z)/3)
 Seldom need to worry about it

16
 Earlier the ASCII table.
Operator Precedence Now this table? Have to
memorize this??
Operators Description Associativity

HIGH (unary) + - Unary plus/minus Right to left

*/% Multiply, divide, remainder Left to right
+- Add, subtract Left to right No.
< > >= <= less, greater comparison Left to right Write it in
== != Equal, not equal Left to right
your
= Assignment Right to left
LOW notebook

Example: a + b – c * d % e /f
(a+b) - (((c *d ) % e) / f)

17
Logical Operators
Logical Op Function Allowed Types

&& Logical AND char, int, float, double

|| Logical OR char, int, float, double
! Logical NOT char, int, float, double
 Remember
 value 0 represents false.
 any other value represents true.
Compiler returns 1 by default
18
 Logical Operators: Truth Table
“E” for
expression E1 E2 E1 && E2 E1 || E2
0 0 0 0
0 Non-0 0 1
Non-0 0 0 1
Non-0 Non-0 1 1

E !E
0 1
Non-0 0
19
Logical Operators: Some
ExamplesExpr Result Remark
2 && 3 1
2 || 0 1
‘A’ && ‘0’ 1 ASCII value of ‘0’≠0
‘A’ && 0 0
‘A’ && ‘b’ 1
! 0.0 1 0.0 == 0 is guaranteed
! 10.05 0 Any real ≠ 0.0
(2<5) && (6>5) 1 Compound expr

20
Logical Operators: Precedence and
Associativity
 NOT has same precedence as equality operator
 AND and OR are lower than relational operators
 OR has lower precedence than AND
 Associativity goes left to right
2 == 2 && 3 == 1 || 1==1 || 5==4

1 && 0 || 1 || 0

0 || 1 || 0 1 || 0 1 21
 Operator Precedence for various operators
Note: Precedence of brackets () are above every other operator
Operators Description Associativity Note: This list
unary + unary - Unary plus/minus Right to left doesn’t include
HIGH some other
*/% Multiply, divide, remainder Left to right operators that we
I have not yet seen
N +- Add, subtract Left to right
C < > >= <= Relational operators Left to right
R
E == != Equal, not equal Left to right
A
S && And Left to right
I
N || Or Left to right
G
= Assignment Right to left
LOW
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