Electromagnetic Compatibility

for Product Design

ED5052

Kavitha Arunachalam
Dept of Engineering Design
([email protected])
Objectives:
• To introduce fundamental behavior of analog circuit components and their non-ideal
behavior in a system with emphasis on product design, and EMC directives for compliance
aspects of electronic products
Outcomes:
• Knowledge of device design for compliance to EMC directives, EMC directives for product
development

• Credits – 11
• D slot – Mon, Tue, Wed
• P slot – Practical (ED 508; 9 Experiments)

Assessment:
• Quiz 1 (15), Quiz 2 (15), Surprise tests (10), End semester (40), Lab (10 report; 10 practicals)
• Attendance will be recorded
• Mobile phone use in class is strictly prohibited

Text Book:
• Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, P. R. Clayton, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., ISBN13:
9788126528752, ISBN 10:8126528753, 2006.2.
• EMC for Product Designers, T. Williams, Elsevier Science, ISBN-10: 0750681705, ISBN-13: 9780750681704,
2007.
Reference: Lecture notes
 Introduction - EMC
• Basic understanding of electrical engineering courses
– Electric circuit analysis
– Signals and systems
– Electronics
– Electromagnetic field theory

• Builds on basic principles and concepts of the above for design

of electronic systems so that they
– operate compatibly with other electronic systems and
– Also, comply with regulations on EM emissions

• EMC for product design – deals with interference and

prevention of it through design of electronic systems
EMI/EMC
https://www.uib.no/en/hms-portalen/75292/electromagnetic-spectrum
Source: www
 Brief history
• Prior 1930s – Natural noise sources such as lightning or sunspots
• Man made noise sources
– information carrying signals from telephone, TV and radio communication systems
– dc motors, ac power lines, relays, and fluorescent light bulbs
• 1933 – CISPR produced document regarding equipment for measuring EMI
emissions
• World war II (1939-45)
– burst in use of radar and telecomm system
– electronic warfare to disrupt radio communication
• Post war – EM pulse generated by a nuclear blast damaged/destroyed
certain types of electronic equipment
• 1960's, MIL-STD-461 was imposed by USA, regulating not only
electromagnetic emissions, but susceptibility as well
• FCC was formulated in USA for digital devices (clock speed >9kHz)
• CISPR was adopted by EU
 EMC Directives
 IEC/EN-International Electrotechnical Commission
 CISPR- International Special committee on Radio Interference
 CE

 ISO-International Organisation for Standardization

 FCC- Federal Communications Commission (American

Standard)

 ANSI- American National Standards Institute

 Standards
Basic Standard

Basic standards for measurement of radio disturbance over

frequency range 9kHz - 18GHz
• CISPR 16 Series, IEC/EN/K 61000-4 Series for ESD, RS/CS, Surge, EFT
burst tests

Generic Standard
Generic standards – Immunity (EMS) and emission (EMI) for
residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
• IEC/EN/K 61000-6-1 & IEC/EN/K 61000-6-2 for EMS
• IEC/EN/K 61000-6-3 & IEC/EN/K 61000-6-4 for EMI

8
 Standards (cont…)
Product Family Standard
CISPR 11 (ISM),
CISPR 12 (vehicles, boats, combustion engine)
CISPR 13 (EMI for broadcasting receiver)
CISPR 14-1 (EMI for home appliances)
CISPR 14-2 (EMS for home appliances)
CISPR 15 (lightening equipment)
CISPR 2013 (EMS for broadcasting receiver)
CISPR 22 (EMI for Information Technology Equipment (ITE))
CISPR 24 (EMS for ITE)
CISPR 25 (vehicles, boats, combustion engine)
CISPR 32 and CISPR 35 (multimedia)

9
 Standards (cont…)
•IEC 60945 (Maritime Navigation and Radio communication Equipment and
Systems)
•IEC 60533 (Electrical and electronics installation in ships)
•IEC 61326 (Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use)
•IEC 61131-2 (Programmable controllers )
•IEC 61204-3 (Low voltage power supplies)
and many more…
 EMC Testing
EMC
TESTING

IMMUNITY/ ESD EMISSION

SUSCEPTIBILITY

CONDUCTED RADIATED CONDUCTED RADIATED

CS RS CE RE
Conducted emissions
test set-up
Conducted susceptibility
test set-up
 Radiated emissions test set-up

Image source: Mercedes Benz Technology Center, Sindelfingen

Image source: Texas Instruments

RADIATED IMMUNITY TEST SETUP

RI/RS in anechoic chamber

IEC61000-4-3

Image source: Reliant emc

 ESD test set-up

Image source: Transient specialists

 EMI/EMC Testing Instruments

Oscilloscope

ESD Generator
EMI test Receiver

Signal Generator
Spectrum Analyzer LISN

EFT/Surge Generator Network Analyzer

Antenna 30
 Analysis of EMI
• Major elements – source, path,
receptor

• Source (sometimes referred to as an

emitter or a threat) which may be a
noisy component, or a transmitter

• a receptor (sometimes referred to as

a victim) which is a component or
device that receives noise or
interference

• a coupling path which transmits the

interference signal from the source
to the receptor
 Types of noise and interference
• External noise
– atmospheric noise (lightning, electrical discharges during thunderstorms, <30
MHz)
– extraterrestrial noise (solar flares, sunspots, cosmic – outer space, distant stars,
20 MHz-120 MHz)

• Manmade
– intentional radiators: E.g. radio and radar transmitters, cellular phones, remote
controls for car alarms, etc
– unintentional radiators: E.g. digital devices, motors, relays and switches, an
intentional radiator may also be an unintentional radiator at frequencies other
than those at which it normally transmits

• Internal noise
- thermal, shot, and contact noise (electronic devices)
 Analysis of EMI
• Major elements – source, path,
receptor

• Source (sometimes referred to as an

emitter or a threat) which may be a
noisy component, or a transmitter

• a receptor (sometimes referred to as

a victim) which is a component or
device that receives noise or
interference

• a coupling path which transmits the

interference signal from the source
to the receptor
 EMI prevention
• EMI prevention
1. suppress emissions at the source
2. interrupt or reduce the efficiency of the coupling path
3. make the receptor immune to emissions

• In designing and troubleshooting electronic systems for EMC, removing

one of these elements will eliminate EMI

• Of the three elements in the source-path-receptor model, clearly, the

receptor is the easiest element to identify, due to the fact that it does not
function properly
• The source is usually identified by examining the type of interference
which is plaguing the receptor.
• The most often overlooked component of this model is the coupling
path.
 Coupling paths
• Coupling paths are typically classified as
– Conductive: E.g. power cord, interface cables, antenna input
terminals, ground returns, or unintentional external conductors such
as metallic case or housing. An electrical conductor connecting source
and receptor.

– Radiative: through free space, or other non-conductive medium, when

distances between source and receptor are on the order of several
wavelengths. Because of this wide separation, the source is usually
not affected by the presence of the receptor

– Inductive: Present in near-fields where magnetic field is dominant,

distance between source and receptor<<

– Capacitive: Present in near-fields where electric field is dominant,

distance between source and receptor<<
 EMC criteria
• An electromagnetically compatible system satisfies three
criteria:
1. It does not interfere with the operations of other systems
2. It is immune to the emissions of other systems
3. It does not interfere with its own operation

• Interference transfer modes

– conducted emissions, and
– conducted susceptibility
– radiated emissions
– radiated susceptibility
 Interference transfer modes
• Conducted susceptibility
– External signals conducted to
components/device via power chord,
grid or internal cables
– Noise conducted over power grid
conducted to components via power
chord
– Noise signals may be conducted via
improperly designed shields or
metallic enclosures
• Conducted emission
– Noisy component can create interference
which can be conducted through power
chord on to power grid
– Noise on power grid can radiate and become
radiated emission
 Interference transfer modes
• Radiated emissions and susceptibility
– Long power cord may act as antenna and broadcast noise or receive
signals from other sources. E.g. 50/60 Hz cord can have higher freq
signals
– Unshielded components – transformers, processors, clocks may radiate
or receive signals
– Internal cables/interconnections – long data ribbons/busses may act as
antennas
– Metallic shielding/enclosure – due to improper shielding
 EMC frequency bands

• CE/CS & ESD – Physical contact (short distance)

• RE/RS measurement distance (non-contact): 3- 10 m

• Test frequency range

 Units of measurements
• Quantities of interest
– Conducted emissions in terms of voltage (V) and ampere (A)
– Radiated emissions in terms of electric (V/m) and magnetic (A/m) field
– Associated quantities: power (W) or power density W/m^2
– Electric field emission has a very large range. Eg. 1 V/m to 200 V/m.
– Due to the large dynamic range , EMC units are in decibel (log scale)
 DUT/

Units of measurements with respect to reference value:

 Electrical dimensions and waves
• Most electrical systems obey Maxwell’s equations
– Circuit theory: Simplified method of analysis at low frequency
– To understand non-ideal behavior of electrical components

Review of EM fundamentals and electrical systems

• Fundamental quantities
– speed of light in free space (299,792,458 m/s), c  3x108 m/s
– Permittivity and permeability in free space

– Wavelength in lossless media, : distance between two adjacent equi-phase

points on a wave

x=0 x=d


0 2
• Consider a component with leads and total length, L
– In lumped circuit analysis (KVL/KCL), leads and interconnect wires are
neglected
– Let a current pass through the component
– Current travelling through it is a function of space and time
– Time delay in travelling through the component is given by, TD=L/v;
v: velocity of current wave in the component
v: depends on medium i.e., EM material properties

Effect of element leads

• Current is a function of space and time,

• Let, i(z,t) =I cos(t-z)

: phase constant, =2f

• As current travels through the component, it undergoes

phase shift of = L (radians)

• Distance the wave must travel to undergo 2 phase shift is 1

wavelength (=2)

• i(z,t)=I cos(t- 2 (z/)); z/ factor is important than L.

• z/: electrical length

• As t increases, a point on the wave travels to a new position

along z. Thus, (t-z)=constant

• Velocity of current wave v=dz/dt= /= f

• Wavelength =v/f
• For L= , phase change is 360
• For L= /100, phase change is 3.6
• In lumped circuit model (KVL/KCL), L/ is negligibly small and so is the
phase shift.
• Thus, electrical dimension, L/ is important not L.
• Wave propagation in media other than air is

• Teflon (dielectric),

• = =0.69 v0

• Electrically large structures and components must be analyzed using

Maxwell’s equations not lumped circuit model
• For a current wave, =v/f
– ; v=c in free space

– Thus, wavelength is shorter in material than free space or vacuum

– A device length (L) determines how it interacts with EM fields

– Electrical dimensions of a device, de=L/ ;  - wavelength at highest
frequency of interest
– Structures/components less than /10 are electrically small
– Components on a PCB may be electrically larger than in air due to PCB
material property
– E.g. capacitor with high is electrically larger than an air filled
capacitor
 Power loss in cables
• Power loss in long cables in defined in dB scale
• Assume single frequency sinusoidal excitation in a
transmission line
• Steady state behavior is given by,

• V(z), I(z): phasor line voltage and current, respectively.

• Phasor line voltage and current are function of space, z i.e.
position along the line.
• The net line voltage and current is given by

• where

– Vf and Vb are forward and backward travelling waves respectively.

– In time domain,
• Line voltage reflection coefficient,

• At the load (z=L),

Zc: characteristic impedance of transmission line/media
• Substituting we get,

• Phasor line voltage and current in terms of reflection coeff.

• Average power delivered,

 Matched line

• Average power at a point along transmission line:

• Input power to cable

• Power delivered to load

Matched line
• Power loss in cable,

• Industry standard is to express using ratio

• Cable loss is given as dB/length

• Attenuation constant,

; L: length used to specify loss by the manufactur

 Signal source specification
• It is important to understand the representation of
– signal source and
– signal measurer used for EMC testing

• Signal sources – pulse or sinusoidal signal

– Characterized using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
– Most signal source has source resistance of 50 Ohms (universal standard)

• Signal measurers – voltmeter, ammeter, power meter, spectrum analyzer,

oscilloscope
– Mostly 50 ohm input resistance
– Or high input resistance in parallel with capacitance
Rs = 50 Ohms i) Cin=0 F, Rin=50 Ohms or
ii) Rin=1 Mega Ohms, Cin-47 pF
 EMC test scenario
(matched cable and measurer)

Output voltage at the terminals of the source for the matched lossless line,

Power delivered to the load,

where Vout is RMS value,