History of Computers

Chapter -5

By
Muhammad Shafiq
[email protected]

Introduction to Computing
Hamdard University
History of Computers
2300 BC: Abacus
2
 Abacus was an early aid for
mathematical computations.

 Period 2300 BC saw the first

appearance of the Abacus.

 A skilled abacus operator can

work on addition and
subtraction problems at the
speed of a person equipped
with a hand calculator
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History of Computers
1600s: Mechanical Calculating Machines
3

The first gear-driven

calculating machine to
actually be built was
probably the calculating
clock.

Named by its inventor, the

German professor Wilhelm 1610: Wilhelm Schickard’s
calculating machine
Schickard in 1623.

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History of Computers
1600s: Mechanical Calculating Machines
4

In 1642 Blaise Pascal,

at age 19, invented the
Pascaline as an aid for
his father who was a
tax collector.

Pascal built 50 of this

gear-driven one- 1642: Blaise
function calculator (it Pascal’s Pascaline
could only add)
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History of Computers
1801: Jacquard Loom
5
 Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard
invented a power loom that could
base its weave.

 The design on the fabric upon a

pattern automatically read from
punched wooden cards, held
together in a long row by rope.

 By selecting particular cards for

Jacquard's loom you defined the
woven pattern.
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History of Computers
1791-1871: Babbage’s Engines
6

In 1832 the English

mathematician Charles
Babbage was proposing a
steam driven calculating
machine the size of a room,
which he called the
Difference Engine.

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History of Computers
Babbage-Analytic Engine
7
 Babbage was not discouraged, and by then was on to his
next brainstorm, which he called the Analytic Engine.

 This device, large as a house and powered by 6 steam

engines,

 It was programmable, thanks to the punched card

technology of Jacquard.

 Babbage saw that the pattern of holes in a punch card could

be used to represent an abstract idea such as a problem
statement or the raw data required for that problem's
solution.
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History of Computers
Babbage-Analytic Engine
8

 Babbage realized that punched paper could be employed as

a storage mechanism, holding computed numbers for future
reference.

 Because of the connection to the Jacquard loom, Babbage

called the two main parts of his Analytic Engine the Store
and the Mill , as both terms are used in the weaving
industry.

 In a modern computer these same parts are called the

memory unit and the CPU.
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History of Computers
1890: Hollerith’s Census Machines
9
Herman Hollerith is widely
regarded as the father of modern
automatic computation.

He chose the punched card as the

basis for storing and processing
information and he built the first
punched-card tabulating and
sorting machines as well as the first
key punch.

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 History of Computers
1890: Hollerith’s Census Machines
10

Hollerith's designs dominated the

computing landscape for almost
100 years.

Hollerith built a company, the

Tabulating Machine Company.

That , was buyouts, eventually

became International Business
Machines, (IBM)

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 Examples of Punch Cards
11

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 History of Computers
1939: Atanasoff-Berry Computer
12
The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC)
was the first automatic electronic digital
computer, an early electronic digital
computing device that has remained
somewhat obscure.
John Atanasoff Clifford Berry
To say that it was the first is a debate
among historians of computer
technology.

John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built

the ABC at Iowa State which found
solutions to systems of linear equations
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 History of Computers
1944: Mark I
13
 One early success was the Harvard
Mark I computer which was built as a
partnership between Harvard and
IBM in 1944.

 This was the first programmable

digital computer made in the U.S.

 But it was not a purely electronic

computer. Instead the Mark I was
constructed out of switches, relays,
rotating shafts, and clutches.
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 History of Computers
1944: Mark I
14

Mark I was . .
 weighed 5 tons
 incorporated 500 miles of wire
 8 feet tall and 51 feet long
 50 ft rotating shaft running its length
 turned by a 5 horsepower electric
motor

 The Mark I ran non-stop for 15 years,

sounding like a roomful of ladies
knitting

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 History of Computers
1944: Mark I
15

By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing

16 Computer Generations

Introduction to Computing
 Computer Generations
17
 History of computer development is often referred to
in reference to the different generations of computing
devices.

 Five generations of computers is characterized by a

major technological development that fundamentally
changed the way computers operate, resulting in . . .
 Increasingly smaller
 Cheaper and powerful
 More efficient and
 Reliable computing devices
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 Computer Generations
18

First Generation 1946 - 1958 Vacuum Tube

Second Generation 1959 - 1964 Transistor
Third Generation 1965 - 1971 ICs
Fourth Generation 1971 – 1980 VLSI
Fifth Generation 1980 onward ULSI

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19 1st Generation Computers
(1946-58): Vacuum Tubes

Introduction to Computing
 1st Generation (1946-58): Vacuum Tubes
1946: ENIAC
20
 Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer)
was the first electronic
general-purpose computer.

 It was Turing-complete,
digital, and capable of
being reprogrammed to
solve "a large class of
numerical problems“
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 1st Generation (1946-58): Vacuum Tubes
1946: ENIAC
21
It had a speed of one
thousand times that of
electro-mechanical
machines.

This computational power,

coupled with general-
purpose programmability, ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room,
excited scientists and weighed 30 tons, and used more
industrialists. than 18,000 vacuum tubes.
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 1945: Stored Program Computer
22
 In 1945 John von Neumann
presented his idea of a computer that
would store computer instructions in
a CPU.

 CPU(Central Processing Unit)

consisted of elements that would
control the computer electronically.

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 History of Computers

1945: Stored Program Computer

23
 The EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC were the first
computers to use the stored program concept

 They used vacuum tubes so they were too

expensive and too large for households to
own and afford

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24 2nd Generation Computers
(1959-64): Transistors

Introduction to Computing
 2nd Generation (1959-64): Transistors
IBM Stretch - 1959
25
 The first electronic computer was designed at
Iowa State between 1939-1942

 The Atanasoff-Berry Computer used the

binary system(1’s and 0’s).

 Contained vacuum tubes and stored numbers

for calculations by burning holes in paper

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 2nd Generation (1959-64): Transistors
IBM Stretch - 1959
26

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 2nd Generation (1959-64): Transistors
27

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28 3rd Generation Computers
(1965-71): Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Introduction to Computing
 3rd Generation (1965-71): Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Integrated Circuit
29

 Integrated circuit (IC) is a set of electronic circuits

on one small plate (chip) of semiconductor material,
normally silicon.

 This can be made much smaller than a discrete

circuit made from independent components.

 Large scale integrated circuits

 10 million circuits per square foot
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 3rd Generation (1965-71): Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Examples
30

Honeywell 200

Burroughs 6700

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 3rd Generation (1965-71): Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Examples
31

IBM System/360

Control Data 3300

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32 4th Generation Computers
(1971- 80): VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

Introduction to Computing
 4th Generation (1971- 80): VLSI
Examples
33

IBM System 3090

IBM RISC 6000

ILLIAC IV

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 4th Generation (1971- 80): VLSI

Examples
34

Cray 2 XMP

HP 9000

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35 5th Generation Computers
(1980 onwards): ULSI

Introduction to Computing
 5th Generation Computing
36
 Fifth generation of computing is called "artificial
intelligence," and it is the goal of computer scientists and
developers to eventually create computers than outsmart,
outwit, and maybe even outlast their human inventors.
 Artificial intelligence can be broken into five distinct
categories:
 Games playing
 Robotics
 Expert systems
 Neural networks
 AI in Warfare
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 5th Generation Computing
Artificial Intelligence in Warfare
37

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 5th Generation Computing
Robots
38

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 5th Generation Computing
Computer Games
39

By Asad Ur Rehman Introduction to Computing

That is all