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Overview and Organization of Computers B

Technology

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34 views27 pages

Overview and Organization of Computers B

Technology

Uploaded by

prolearnsolutions786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OVERVIEW AND ORGANIZATION OF

COMPUTERS
By
Muhammad Shafiq

National College Of Business


Administration And Economics
Agenda for Today
• History and Development of Computer
• Generations of Computer
• Types of Computer
• Classification of Computer
• Applications of Computer
• Buses
• Ports
• Microprocessor
• Main Memory
• Motherboard of Computer System
• Secondary Storage Devices
Applications of Computer:

• Education

• Business

• Banking

• Defense

• Entertainment
Applications of Computer:
Education:

Play vital role in education sector


Students get study notes, text books,
tutorials.
Enhance the learning and quality education
Applications of Computer:
• Business

• Play
important role in productivity and
competitiveness or business
• Internet enhance sales and marketing
• Customerpurchase product and make
payment easily using
• Smartcard, internet banking, electronic
deposit ot pay bills online.
Applications of Computer:
• Banking

• Banking sector getting great benefit using


computer technology
• people check balance, transfer funds, pay
bills from their home using internet or
ATM.
• ATM(Automatic Teller Machine) is
example of modern banking sector.
Applications of Computer:
• Defense

• Computer technology has productive


application in defence
• Ballisticmissiles, rocket uses
GPS(Global Position System) to hit the
specific target
• Track incoming missiles and hit them in
air
• Capability to design and test new systems
Applications of Computer:
• Entertainment

• Provides high opportunities for entertainment and pleasure


• 3D technology used to make movies, makes enhance the quality of graphic
• Games is best for entertainments, it become an industry of computer system
Applications of Computer:
Sports:

• Computer used for record keeping


• Collect and analyze statistics and display updated scores
• Sell tickets
• Creating training programs
• Suggest diets for athletes
Important Terms and Computer Parts
Buses
• Electricalpath through data transfer from one
location to other location

Data Bus:
• Data transfer through this bus CPU to memory
location or vice versa
• Bi directional bus
Buses
Address Bus:
• Carries memory addresses where data stores or read in memory devices
• Single direction bus

Control Bus:
• Carries to control signal generated by control unit of CPU
• Bi-direction bus
• Terminology used to express operating of computer buses
Bus width:
• Size of bus means, “How much data can be transferred at a time?

Clock Speed:
• Data transfer speed measured in MHz(Mega Hertz) or Mbps(Mega Bits Per Second)
• 100 Mbps mean 100 mega bits per second
Computer Ports:
• Interfaceor connector where
external devices can plug

• Three different ports are


• Serial port
• Parallel port
• USB port
Serial Port:
• Attach serial devices
• Transfer one bit at a time
• Slow bus speed
• Communication ports or RS 232
• Mouse or modem can attach

Parallel Port:
• 25 pin ports connect printer or other
• 8 data lines tranfer or 8 bits at a time
• Faster than serial port
USB:
• USB is a plug and play interface that allows a computer
to communicate with peripheral and other devices.
• USB-connected devices cover a broad range;
• anything from keyboards and mice,
• Music players and flash drives.

• USB may also be used to send power to certain devices,


• such as powering smartphones and tablets and charging their
batteries.

• The first commercial release of the Universal Serial


Bus (version 1.0) was in January 1996.
• This industry standard was then quickly adopted
by Intel, Compaq, Microsoft, and other companies.
Microprocessors
• There are different kinds of microchips
 Microprocessor, Memory
 Communications, Graphics
 Math coprocessor chips

• Microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor—the CPU,


the part that processes, or manipulates, data into information.

• Whenused in machines other than computers, are called microcontrollers or


embedded computers.
Microprocessor Chip
• Microprocessor chip is brain of your
computer

• Microprocessor is the miniaturized


circuitry of a computer processor, contained
on a small silicon chip.

• Itstores program instructions that process,


or manipulate, data into information.
Microprocessor Chip
• The key parts of the microprocessor are transistors.

• Transistors,are tiny electronic devices that act as on/off switches, which process
the on/off bits used to represent data.

• In 1971 it had 2,300


• in 1979 it had 30,000
• in 1997 it had 7.5 million
• In 2008, Intel announced Itanium chip has 2 billion transistors.
Traditional Microprocessor Chip
• Most PCs use CPUs manufactured by
Intel Corporation or Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD).

• Indeed, the Microsoft Windows


operating system was designed to run
on Intel chips.
Microprocessor Chip
Intel-type chips have a similar internal design
and are made to run PCs.

• 8086, 80186, 80286


• 386, and 486
• Pentium
• Pentium Pro
• Pentium II, P III, P4
• Celeron
• Xeon
Microprocessor Chip
Intel processors for Macintoshes:

• PowerPC (an acronym for Performance Optimization )


is a RISC instruction set
architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as
AIM.

• In
2005, Apple announced that it would end its current line of products
based on PowerPC chips from IBM and Freescale and would switch its
machines to Intel chips
Arithmetic Logical Unit
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit
used to perform arithmetic and logic operations.
• Itrepresents the fundamental building block of
the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.
• Modern CPUs contain very powerful and
complex ALUs.
• Inaddition to ALUs, modern CPUs contain a
control unit (CU).
Control Unit:
•A control unit or CU is circuitry that directs
operations within a computer's processor.
• Itlets the computer's logic unit, memory, and
both input and output devices know how to
respond to instructions received from a program.
• A control unit works by receiving input
information that it converts into control signals,
which are then sent to the central processor.
• Examples of devices that utilize control units
include CPUs and GPUs(Graphic Processing
Unit).
Memory:
• Computer memory is a generic term for all of the different types of data storage technology
that a computer may use, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory.

• Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to the CPU on the
computer motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data from primary memory very quickly
indeed.
• It is used to store data that the CPU needs imminently so that it does not have to wait for it
to be delivered.
• Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically located within a separate storage
device, such as a hard disk drive or solid state drive (SSD), which is connected to the
computer system either directly or over a network. The cost per gigabyte of secondary
memory is much lower, but the read and write speeds are significantly slower.
• DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common type of
RAM used in computers.
• The oldest type is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers
use faster dual data rate (DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in several versions including
DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4, which offer better performance and are more energy
efficient than DDR.
• However different versions are incompatible, so it is not possible to mix DDR2
with DDR3 DRAM in a computer system.
• DRAM consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell.
• SRAM: SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM which is
faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having six transistors in each
cell.
• For those reasons SRAM is generally only used as a data cache within a CPU itself
or as RAM in very high-end server systems. A small SRAM cache of the most
imminently-needed data can result in significant speed improvements in a system
Motherboard
• Motherboard may be thought of as your
computer’s central nervous system.

• Motherboard consists of a flat board that fills


one side of the case.
• Itcontains both soldered, non-removable
components and
 Slots for components that can be removed
 Microprocessor chip, RAM chips
 Various expansion cards
That is all

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