ES106:

Introduction to
Computers
History, Components, and
Classifications

Prepared by : Engr. Jhon Lloyd Cabahug

Learning Outcomes
● Describe the history and evolution of computers.

● Identify and explain main computer components.

● Classify different types of computers.

● Understand hardware specifications in computer systems.

 What Is A Computer?

● A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to

a set of instructions (software).
● Basic functions: Input, Process, Output, and Storage.
● Computers can perform calculations, store information, and control
other devices.
What Is A Computer?

Simple diagram showing input, process, output, and

storage cycle of a computer.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
ABACUS
● Definition: A mechanical device used to aid in performing
mathematical calculations.
● Origin: Invented in Babylonia around 500 B.C.
● Purpose: Used to perform basic arithmetic operations
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
PASCALINE
● Inventor: Blaise Pascal, 1642.
● Purpose: Designed to perform basic arithmetic operations,
specifically addition and subtraction.
● Limitations:
○ Could only perform addition and subtraction.
○ It was complex and too expensive for widespread use.
● Significance: One of the earliest mechanical calculators,
paving the way for future advancements in computing
technology.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
STEPPED RECKONER
● Inventor: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1672.
● Capabilities:
○ Able to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
automatically.
● Design:
○ Utilized a stepped drum mechanism to handle various arithmetic
operations.
● Significance:
○ Represented a major advancement from earlier calculators like the
Pascaline.
○ Demonstrated increased functionality in mechanical calculation, influencing
future computational devices.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
JACQUARD LOOM
● Inventor: Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801.
● Description:
○ A mechanical loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing.
○ Operated automatically using punched cards to control the weaving
pattern.
● Significance:
○ Enabled complex patterns and designs to be woven automatically,
greatly increasing productivity and flexibility in textile production.
○ Impact on Computing: The concept of using punched cards for
control laid the foundation for early computer programming and data
storage.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
● Inventor: Charles Babbage (1822 and 1834).
● Description:
○ An automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial
functions.
○ Capable of performing calculations for producing mathematical tables,
such as logarithms and trigonometric functions.
● Significance:
○ First Mechanical Computer: Often considered the first design for a
mechanical computer.
○ Impact: Laid foundational concepts for future computing machines,
including ideas of programmability and automatic computation.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
● Inventor: Charles Babbage.
● Description: Designed in the 1830s, it was a
proposed mechanical general-purpose computer,
featuring an arithmetic logic unit, control flow through
conditional branching and loops, and memory.
● Significance: Considered a precursor to modern
computers due to its design for programmable
computation.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
Ada Lovelace
● Contribution: In 1843, Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Lovelace)
wrote detailed notes on the Analytical Engine.
● Binary System Suggestion: Suggested using the binary
system for computations, which was ahead of its time.
● Programming: Wrote the first algorithm intended for
implementation on the Analytical Engine, often recognized
as the first computer program.
● Significance: Ada Lovelace is considered the world’s first
computer programmer for her work on the Analytical Engine.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE
● Inventor: Per Georg Scheutz, 1843.
● Description:
○ Based on Charles Babbage's Difference Engine design.
○ The first mechanical calculator capable of printing results.
● Significance:
○ Printing Capability: It could automatically print calculated results,
making it a significant advancement over earlier calculators.
○ Historical Importance: Demonstrated practical applications of
mechanical computation by combining calculation with printing,
paving the way for future advancements in computational devices.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
TABULATING MACHINE
● Inventor: Herman Hollerith, 1890.
● Description:
○ Designed to assist in summarizing and processing large volumes of
information.
○ Utilized punched cards to store and manipulate data.
● Significance:
○ Practical Application: Primarily used for the 1890 U.S. Census,
greatly speeding up data processing and tabulation.
○ Foundation for Computing: Hollerith’s machine was a precursor to
modern data processing and computer systems, leading to the
formation of IBM (International Business Machines).
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
Z1: The First Programmable Computer
● Inventor: Konrad Zuse, Germany, 1936-1937.
● Description:
○ The Z1 was the first programmable computer, designed to perform binary calculations.
○ Used electromechanical relays for processing data and executing instructions.
● Programming:
○ To program the Z1, users inserted punched tape into a punch tape reader.
○ All output was also generated through punched tape, making it an early example of
automated data handling.
● Significance:
○ Pioneering Design: Introduced the concept of programmable computing using binary
floating-point arithmetic.
○ Influence: Set the stage for later developments in computing technology, leading to
Konrad Zuse’s subsequent models.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
Harvard Mark I: The First Electro-Mechanical Computer

● Inventor: Howard H. Aiken, 1943.

● Also Known As: IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
● Description:
○ The Harvard Mark I was the first large-scale electro-mechanical computer.
○ It used electromechanical relays and was capable of performing calculations
automatically.
● Significance:
○ Innovative Design: Combined mechanical and electrical components to perform
complex calculations.
○ Capabilities: Featured a large set of relays and could perform arithmetic
operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
○ Influence: Paved the way for the development of electronic computers by
demonstrating the feasibility of automated computation on a large scale
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
Colossus: The First Electronic Computer
● Development: Designed and built by Tommy Flowers and his team at Bletchley Park.
● Year: 1943.
● Description:
○ Colossus was the world’s first programmable electronic digital computer.
○ It was designed to break encrypted German messages during World War II.
○ Type: Fixed-program computer, meaning its program could not be changed once it was
set up.
● Significance:
○ Innovative Technology: Used over 2,000 vacuum tubes for its operations, marking a
significant advancement from earlier mechanical computers.
○ Role: Played a crucial role in code-breaking efforts and had a major impact on the
outcome of World War II.
○ Legacy: Although not programmable in the modern sense, Colossus demonstrated the
potential of electronic computing technology.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
ENIAC: The First Electronic General-Purpose Computer

● Full Name: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

● Completion Year: 1946.
● Inventors: John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.
● Description:
○ ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer, designed to solve a wide range of
computational problems.
○ It used over 17,000 vacuum tubes to perform calculations, making it faster than earlier mechanical
and electromechanical computers.
● Significance:
○ General-Purpose Computing: Unlike previous machines that were designed for specific tasks,
ENIAC could be programmed to perform various types of calculations.
○ Impact: It demonstrated the feasibility of electronic computers for diverse applications, from
scientific research to military calculations.
○ Legacy: ENIAC’s design and technology influenced the development of subsequent computers
and helped pave the way for the modern computing era.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
UNIVAC I: The First Commercial Computer

● Full Name: UNIVersal Automatic Computer I.

● Inventors: J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.
● Completion Year: The first UNIVAC I was accepted by the United States Census Bureau on March 31,
1951.
● Description:
○ UNIVAC I was the first commercially available computer and marked a significant milestone in the
history of computing.
○ Designed for business and administrative applications, it used vacuum tube technology and
magnetic tape for data storage.
● Significance:
○ Commercial Milestone: It was the first computer to be sold to a commercial customer, setting a
precedent for the commercialization of computing technology.
○ Impact: Demonstrated the potential of electronic computers for business applications and led to
wider adoption in various industries.
○ Legacy: Influenced the design and development of future commercial computers and established
the foundation for the computer industry.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
EDVAC: The First Stored Program Computer
● Full Name: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
● Designer: John von Neumann, 1952.
● Description:
○ EDVAC was the first computer to implement the stored-program concept, where both
program instructions and data are stored in the computer's memory.
○ This design allowed for greater flexibility and efficiency in computing compared to earlier
machines.
● Significance:
○ Stored Program Concept: Introduced the idea of storing program instructions in memory
alongside data, which became a fundamental principle in computer architecture.
○ Impact: Enabled more complex and versatile programming and laid the groundwork for
future electronic computers.
○ Legacy: The design principles of EDVAC influenced the development of subsequent
computers and established the foundation for modern computing.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
IBM 650: The First Electronic Computer for Business

● Introduction: Installed in 1954.

● Description:
○ The IBM 650 was the first computer designed specifically for business applications.
○ It was a magnetic drum computer that used a rotating magnetic drum for data storage.
● Significance:
○ Business Applications: Marked the beginning of the use of electronic computers in
business environments, making computing technology more accessible for commercial
and administrative purposes.
○ Popularity: The IBM 650 became one of the most popular computers of its time,
widely adopted by businesses for tasks such as payroll, accounting, and inventory
management.
○ Legacy: Helped pave the way for the development of future business-oriented
computers and applications.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
IBM 704
● Introduction: Available from 1957 to 1959.
● Significance:
○ Development of FORTRAN: The IBM 704 was the machine for which the
FORTRAN (Formula Translation) programming language was developed,
one of the earliest high-level programming languages.
○ Technology: Represented the state of the art in computing during its time,
utilizing individual transistors as components, which was a significant
advancement over earlier vacuum tube technology.
○ Programming Languages: The period from 1958 to 1962 saw the
development of many influential programming languages, facilitated by the
technological advances of machines like the IBM 704.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
APPLE I AND APPLE II
● Design and Development:
○ Designer: Steve Wozniak, 1976-1977.
○ Company: Co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in Wozniak’s garage.
● Apple I:
○ Introduction: Launched in 1976.
○ Description: One of the first personal computers, sold as a kit that required users to provide
their own keyboard and monitor.
○ Significance: Marked the beginning of personal computing, though its impact was limited due
to its minimal features and high cost.
● Apple II:
○ Introduction: Launched in 1977.
○ Description: The Apple II was a major success with its fully assembled design, color graphics,
and user-friendly interface.
○ Significance: Made home computing more accessible and practical, contributing to the
widespread adoption of personal computers in homes and businesses.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
MS-DOS COMPUTER
● Introduction: IBM introduced its first MS-DOS computer in 1981.
● Description:
○ Operating System: The computer ran on MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating
System), which became a standard operating system for IBM-compatible PCs.
○ Significance: Represented the beginning of widespread adoption of personal
computers in business and home environments.
● Impact:
○ Portable Computing: While not portable by today's standards, the introduction
of this computer marked a step towards more compact and accessible computing
solutions.
○ Industry Influence: IBM’s adoption of MS-DOS and the compatibility of its
computers set a precedent for the PC industry, influencing the development of
personal computing and software.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
MACINTOSH 128
● Introduction: Introduced in 1984.
● Description:
○ The Macintosh 128K was the first mass-produced, commercially available computer
to feature a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
○ It included a mouse and a graphical desktop environment, allowing users to interact
with their computer through icons and windows rather than text-based commands.
● Significance:
○ GUI Innovation: The introduction of the Macintosh 128K revolutionized personal
computing by making it more user-friendly and accessible to a broader audience.
○ Commercial Success: Played a crucial role in popularizing graphical interfaces,
setting a new standard for future personal computers.
○ Legacy: Paved the way for the widespread adoption of GUIs in personal computing
and influenced the design of future operating systems.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
WINDOWS 1.0
● Introduction: Launched in 1985 (not 1989).
● Description:
○ Windows 1.0 was Microsoft's initial attempt to introduce a graphical user interface (GUI)
for IBM PCs and compatibles.
○ It provided a GUI environment that was reminiscent of the Macintosh but was
considered less advanced.
● Significance:
○ Early GUI: Marked Microsoft's entry into the GUI market, paving the way for future
developments in Windows operating systems.
○ Comparison: Although it was similar in concept to the Macintosh interface, Windows
1.0 was seen as a less mature product and was often humorously referred to by
Macintosh users as AGAM-84 ("Almost as Good As Macintosh 84").
○ Legacy: Laid the groundwork for subsequent versions of Windows, leading to
significant improvements and widespread adoption in later years.
 GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS

FIRST GENERATION
1946-1959
Vacuum tube based
● Components: Utilized vacuum tubes as the primary technology
for memory and circuitry in the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
● Characteristics:
○ Size: Large and cumbersome.
○ Power Consumption: High energy consumption and
significant heat generation.
○ Reliability: Prone to frequent failures due to the fragility of
vacuum tubes.
 GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS

SECOND GENERATION
1959-1965
Transistor based
● Components: Utilized transistors, which were invented at Bell Labs in
1947.
● Characteristics:
○ Performance: Faster and more efficient compared to vacuum tubes.
○ Size: Smaller, lighter, and more compact.
○ Power Consumption: Reduced power requirements and less heat
generation.
○ Reliability: More reliable than vacuum tube computers due to the
robustness of transistors.
 GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS

THIRD GENERATION
1965-1971
Integrated Circuit based
● Components: Used integrated circuits, which combine multiple transistors,
resistors, capacitors, and other components on a single chip.
● Characteristics:
○ Performance: Improved speed and processing power compared to
transistors.
○ Size: Significantly smaller and more compact due to the miniaturization of
components.
○ Power Consumption: Lower power requirements and reduced heat output.
○ Reliability: Enhanced reliability and reduced failure rates.
 GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS

FOURTH GENERATION
1971-
1980
Microprocessor based
● Components: Utilized Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, integrating
approximately 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements onto a single chip.
● Characteristics:
○ Performance: Increased processing power and efficiency compared to
previous generations.
○ Size: More compact due to the miniaturization of components.
○ Reliability: Higher reliability and lower failure rates.
○ Affordability: Reduced costs, making computers more accessible to
businesses and individuals.
 GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS

FIFTH GENERATION
1980-
onwards
Microprocessor based
● Components: Utilizes Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology,
incorporating millions of transistors and circuit elements onto a single chip.
● Characteristics:
○ Performance: Enhanced processing power with greater speed and efficiency.
○ Size: Even more compact and powerful due to advanced integration
technologies.
○ Reliability: Improved reliability and performance.
○ AI and Parallel Processing: Emphasizes parallel processing hardware and
artificial intelligence (AI) software, enabling advanced computing tasks and
intelligent behavior.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Super Computer
• the very fastest and powerful, and expensive type of
computer for processing data.
• made to perform multi-specific tasks.
• composed of many CPUs that work in parallel order
called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing.
IBM Blue Gene
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Mainframe Computer
• multi-programming, high-performance, and
multi-user computer.
• can handle the workload of more than 100
users at a time on the computer.
IBM Z Systems Z13
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Mini Computer
• a digital and multi-user system with the
connection of more than one CPU.
• currently used to store large databases,
multi-user applications, and the automation
PDP 11 industry.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Size and Capacity

Micro Computer
• commonly the Personal Computer widely
used today.
• typically used for personal use.
• widely used in many fields like home, office,
Desktop Computer
data collection, business, education,
entertainment, publishing, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Purpose
General Purpose Computer
• do various everyday tasks such as writing a word processing
letter, document preparation, recording, financial analysis,
printing documents.
• has versatility and useful for serving people’s basic needs at
home or in the workplace in the environment.
• the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are
Laptop/PC
mainly less.
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Purpose
Special Purpose Computer

• designed to perform a particular or specialized

task.
• needs specific processors, inputs, and devices to
conduct work efficiently.

Auto Teller Machine (ATM)

• the size, storage capacity, and cost of such
computers mainly depend on the nature and size
of the work.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling

Analog Computer
• used only to process analog data.
• measures continuous changes in a physical quantity.
• used primarily to measure physical units like voltage,
pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert
them into digits.
Voltmeter • used in the fields of technology, science, research,
engineering
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling

Digital Computer
• represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical
values, or any other special symbols.

• can perform arithmetic operations such as addition,

occurrence, subtraction, multiplication, or division and
all types of logical (mathematical) operations calculates
Desktop PC
the number for processing the data
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling

Hybrid Computer
• combined complex computer unit built using both analog
and digital properties and united by a single control
system.
• designed to provide functions and features that can be
found on both analog and digital devices.
Auto Gasoline Pump • it solves too complex calculations or problems, resolves
more difficult equations immediately.
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE SOFTWARE
the physical parts or a set of instructions, programs that
components of a computer are used to execute any particular
task.

⮚ Input ⮚ System Software

⮚ Output ⮚ Application Software
⮚ Processing ⮚ Programming Languages
⮚ Memory
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Input Devices

– any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to
interact with and control it.

⮚ Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Web cam

 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Output Devices

– any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information
into human-readable form.

⮚ Monitor, Headphones, Printer, Speaker, Projector

 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Processing Devices

– the components responsible for the processing of information within the
computer system.

⮚ CPU, GPU, Motherboard, Network card, video card, Soundcard

 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

HARDWARE Memory/Storage Devices

– devices that stores all data temporary and permanent nature and BYTE is
the unit of memory

⮚ PRIMARY ⮚ SECONDARY
• RAM (Random Access Memory) • Hard disk drive
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) • Flash drive
• Optical drive
• External drive
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

SOFTWARE System Software

– a computer software that is designed for running the computer hardware
parts and the application programs.

⮚ Windows 10, Linux, MacOS

 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

SOFTWARE Application Software

– application software that is designed for the users to perform some
specific tasks like writing a letter, listening to music or seeing any video.

⮚ MS Office, Anti-Virus, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Filmora

 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

SOFTWARE Programming Languages

– programming language is the third category of computer software which
is used by the programmers to write their programs, scripts, and
instructions which can be executed by a computer.

⮚ Java, Python, C/C++, C#, PHP, JavaScript

 FUNCTIONALITIES OF A
COMPUTER

Input–Process–Output (IPO)
model is a widely used approach in
systems analysis and software
engineering for describing the
structure of an information
processing program or another
process.
 HARDWARE
SPECIFICATIONS

A specification often refers to a set of documented

requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product,
or service.

A specification is often a type of technical standard.

 HARDWARE
SPECIFICATIONS

WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A COMPUTER?

Think about what you’re going to use it for and how you’re going to
use it.

WHY DO YOU NEED A COMPUTER?

Using it for web surfing and email, using it for online classes, school,
or work, using it to do work like graphic design, coding, or image
editing, or using it for gaming.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• CPU contributes to speed and performance.

• Think of it like the brain of the computer.
• Intel and AMD are the two main manufacturers
of processors.
• Right now, Intel currently has these processors:
i3, i5, i7, i9, and x-series.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

Processor GHz Speed

• This is the “clock speed” of the processor
and basically the faster (higher the number)
your GHz speed, the faster the computer
can do what you ask it to do.
• Behind the CPU Type you’ll see a set of
numbers that the processor speed.
• The higher the number the better.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

Solid State Drive – SSD

• The solid-state drive helps take care of your
data, can replace a hard drive, and uses less of
the CPU.
• It is more stable long term in terms of not
breaking down.
• They also tend to be smaller in size and
capacity, and are perfect for slim-line
computers.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

• Most computers come with a GPU, or

graphics card, already installed. These are
known as integrated graphics cards.

• This may be important if you’re going to be

doing photo or image editing, graphic
design, or gaming.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

Battery Life
• Laptop computer specs will include the approximate
battery life of the computer.
• If you’re normally using your computer at home, then
battery life probably doesn’t matter a ton. But if it’s
for a student who will be sitting in a classroom not
necessarily near a plug, or if you plan to work at a
coffee shop where sometimes all the plugs are taken,
battery life might be important.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

RAM (Random Access Memory)

• The memory enables to easily open lots of browser
tabs and allows easily have lots of programs or
applications open at once.

• RAM is measured in gigabytes (GB). A casual, normal

user wants at least 4 GB. If you are a gamer, you want
at least 8 GB. If you are a graphic developer or image
editor, you want at least 16 GB.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

Weight
• This may not seem that important, but
if you’re going to be carrying your
laptop around, it’s something to think
about!
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

Peripherals
• The keyboard and mouse usually come
as part of a bundle, but you may be
able to select wireless devices that
make desktops neater.
DEFINING COMPUTER
SPECS

Screen Size
• If you’re just using it for web surfing, school, or work,
you will probably want at least 15” for an adult, but
smaller would be fine if it’s for a younger child.

• If you’re using it for visually-heavy things like graphics or

photo editing, then you might want one of the biggest
size screens available.
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER
SPECS

For Web Surfing & Email

CPU Processor: Intel Celeron or i3 or AMD 8 or 12 or Ryzen 3

Memory: 2GB or greater

Hard drive: 128 GB +

Screen Size: your choice

Example:

HP NOTEBOOK COMPUTER - Intel i3, 3.4 GHz, 8GB Memory, 128 SSD Hard Drive, 15.6″ Screen
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER
SPECS

For Virtual School or

Work
CPU Processor: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5

Memory: 4GB to 8GB

Hard Drive: 256 GB +

Screen Size: 14 inch +

Example:

HP LAPTOP - Intel i5, 3.6 GHz, 8 GB Memory, 1 TB Hard Drive, 17.3″ Screen
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER
SPECS

For Graphics &

Gaming
CPU Processor: Intel i7 or Ryzen 7

Memory: 8GB to 32GB

Hard Drive: 500 GB + or adding on external hard drives just to

have enough

Screen Size: 17 inch + (also make sure it can handle second

monitors)
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER
SPECS

Laptop Computers - Recommended

Configurations
Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or
equivalent
Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16GB RAM
Storage: 500 GB internal storage drive
Monitor/Display: 14" LCD monitor, resolution of 1600 x 900 or
better.
Network Adapter: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Internal or external Webcam, lock, carrying
case, external hard drive for backups
 SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER
SPECS

Desktop Computers - Recommended

Configurations
Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or
equivalent
Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16GB RAM
Storage: 512 GB internal Solid-State Drive (SSD)
or 1 TB internal HDD
Sustainability: EPEAT Silver rating (preferably EPEAT Gold)
Monitor/Display: 24" LCD monitor
Network Adaptor: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Webcam, lock, external drive for backups
 END
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