CH 11: Liquids, Solids, and

Intermolecular Forces
Dr. Cox
 Chapter 11: Intermolecular Forces
Big Ideas

Chapter · Intermolecular forces (IMFs) are responsible for physical

properties of materials
· IMFs can be predicted from the molecular structure, shape and
Outline bond polarity.
· Physical properties can be predicted from the molecular structure
of a material.
After your study of this chapter you should be able to:
Module 1: Identifying 1. Distinguish between intermolecular and intramolecular forces.
Intermolecular Forces 2. Identify the intermolecular forces, London Dispersion forces,
dipole-dipole forces hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole forces,
present in a pure substance or a mixture.
3. Recognize that hydrogen bonds are significantly stronger than
Module 2: Effects of other dipole-dipole attractions
4. Use intermolecular forces to explain trends in the properties of
IMF’s on Physical boiling point for liquids.
5. Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.
Properties of Matter 6. Define vapor pressure.
7. Use intermolecular forces to assign relative vapor pressures of
Boiling Points liquids
Vapor Pressure
Learning Module 1:
+ ..... -
If Opposites Attract,
then how do Molecules
which are sometimes
Non-Polar or Polar Intramolecular
Force, Between
attract each other
Bonds
to form Solids, Liquids
and Gases?
Intermolecular
Force, Between
Molecules
 Intermolecular Forces

The attractions between molecules are

not nearly as strong as the
intramolecular attractions that hold
compounds together.
These intermolecular attractions are,
however, strong enough to control
physical properties, such as boiling and
melting points, vapor pressures, and
viscosities.
intermolecular or intramolecular?
Learning Check
In the diagrams shown H2O is undergoing changes.
Are the forces overcome in these diagrams
intermolecular or intramolecular?
I
Intermolecular

II Intramolecular
 Learning Check
Draw the interaction for the
intermolecular forces between the
following molecules.

 NH3

 SF4
 Types of Intermolecular
•
Forces
The types of
intermolecular forces
between molecules is
predicted upon the type of
molecule itself.

• Distinguish between the

Polar and Non-Polar
Molecules
Types of Intermolecular Forces

• All molecules whether polar or

non- polar have dispersion
interactions between molecules
• The type of interaction determines
the type of intermolecular force
• This is why you must know the
difference between polar, non-
polar and ionic compounds
Strength of Intermolecular Forces
 Types of Intermolecular Forces
Van der Waals Forces
London dispersion forces (Polar/Non-Polar)

Dipole–dipole interactions (Polar Only)

Johannes Diderik
Van der Waals
Physicists
(1837-1923)
Hydrogen bonding (Polar Only between OH,FH,HN)
 Learning Check
1. Which of the following is not an intermolecular force?

A. dipole – dipole interactions

B. hydrogen bonds
C. electrostatic attractions between ion pairs
D. London dispersion forces
E. dipole – ion attractions
 Interaction of Nonpolar
Molecules
• Dispersion (London) Forces:
– Intermolecular force between nonpolar molecules
caused by the motion of electrons, which gives the
molecule a short-lived dipole moment
• Temporary Dipole (Induced Dipole):
– Separation of charge produced in an atom or
molecule by a momentary uneven distribution of
electrons
• Polarizability:
– Relative ease with which the electron cloud in a
molecule, ion, or atom can be distorted, inducing a
temporary dipole

• Dispersion Forces: Present in all

molecules, whether they are polar
or nonpolar.
 Strength of Dispersion Forces
−
Factors effecting strength:
Size of Molecule/Atom
𝛿
−
𝛿
Polarizability
+¿¿
Shape of Molecule 𝛿 +¿¿
 Size of Atoms/Molecules:
𝛿
Larger atoms/molecules more polarizable
than smaller atoms/molecules. As you
increase the size of the atom, the number
of electron increase, thus the probability of
induced dipoles increases. Ultimately the
polarity of the induced dipole increases
with size

 Shape of Molecules:
Increased surface area = Increased
interactions between molecules
Linear molecules have higher dispersion
than branched molecules of similar MW
 Effects of Size on Dispersion

As the dispersion forces increase, the intermolecular forces increase.

The dispersion force increases with atomic number and molar mass.
As the intermolecular forces increase, the boiling points increase.
 Dispersion Forces: Importance of Shape
Constitutional isomers:
Same formulas,
different connections
between atoms in
molecule
Higher surface area
molecules, stronger
interactions
Strength of
interactions affects
physical and chemical
properties

Increased Surface area/less branching

 Learning Check

Which substance in each of the

following pairs would you expect to
have larger dispersion forces?

A. Ethane,C2H6 or octane, C8H18

B. HCl or HI
C. H2O or H2Se
 Interactions Involving Polar Molecules:
Dipole–Dipole Interactions
• Dipole–Dipole:
–Attractive force between polar
molecules
• Hydrogen Bond: OH is the
strongest,
–Strongest dipole–dipole and most
interaction due to highly polar
electronegative elements F,O,N. Hydrogen
Bonding
–Occurs between H atom Interaction
bonded to a small, highly
electronegative element (F, O,
N), and an atom of oxygen O or
N in another molecule.
 Dipole–Dipole Interactions
Molecules that have permanent
dipoles are attracted to each other.

The positive end of one is attracted

to the negative end of the other, and
vice versa.
These forces are only important
when the molecules are close to
each other.
 Learning Check

In which substance would London

Dispersion forces be the most
prominent intermolecular forces
between molecules?

A. CH3OH
B. CH3CH3
C. H2O
D. HCl
 Learning Check

Which of the following molecules exhibit both dipole-

dipole and dispersion forces?
SF2 SF4 SF6

A. SF2 and SF4

B. SF4 and SF6
C. SF2
D. SF4
E. All of them
 Dipole–Dipole Interactions: Hydrogen
Bond
Hydrogen Bond: An attractive force between a hydrogen atom
bonded to a very electronegative atom (O, N, or F) and an
electron-rich region elsewhere in the same molecule or in a
different molecule.

Acetone in water

Methanol
   N 
Diffuse Electron 
H F O
Regions dominate H
H H
NOF bond strength  
with Hydrogen  H H 
 
 Learning Check

Which drawing best represents

the hydrogen bonding in methyl
amine, CH3NH2?
Ion-Dipole Forces

Ion-Dipole Forces: The result of electrical interactions

between an ion and the partial charges on a polar molecule.
Ion–Dipole Interactions

Ion–dipole interactions Sphere of hydration

 All Molecules
Non-Polar Specifically • London Dispersion
Effects:
Molecular Weight and Shape

Polar Molecule
Effects:
• Dipole-Dipole
Molecular Weight, Shape and
Electronegativity of Atoms

• Hydrogen Bonding
Polar Molecules with Hydrogen
attached to N,O,F within the molecule
Effects:
Molecular Weight, Shape, EN, number
of hydrogen bonds

Increasing Intermolecular Forces between Molecules

Molecular Weight
Increase

Shape
Increase Surface Area (more linear Molecule)

Electronegativity

Increase Polarity of Molecule Add more EN atoms

End of Learning Module 1
CH 11: Intermolecular Forces
Learning Module 2

Effects of IMF’s on Physical Properties

Comparison of Intermolecular Forces

Step 1: Recognize the type of IMF

Step 2: Compare the strengths of the IMF
Step 3: Remember to consider the Size,
Shape and Polarity of Molecules

+¿ ⋯ 𝐶𝑙 − 𝐻 ¿
𝑁𝑎

𝐹 − 𝐹 ⋯ 𝐹 −𝐹

𝐼 − 𝐶𝑙 ⋯ 𝐼 − 𝐶𝑙
Properties of Molecules driven by Intermolecular
Forces
Effects of IMF’s on Physical Properties
Physical Properties
 Boiling Point
 Vapor Pressure

Strong IMF Weak IMF

 Higher Boiling Point  Lower Boiling
 The lower the vapor Point
pressure  Higher the vapor
pressure
 Dipole–Dipole Interactions

The more polar the

molecule, the higher
its boiling point.

Electron Dense Regions

Electronegativity is KEY
 Dipole–Dipole Interactions: Hydrogen Bond

   N 
 O
H F H
H H
 
 H H 
 
Diffuse Electron
Regions dominate
NOF bond strength
with Hydrogen

For Covalent Binary Hydrides,

Where there is
the boiling point increases
hydrogen bonding
with the Molecular Weight of
between (NOF) the
the Atoms from the Group of
boiling point is greater
Interest
Effect of H-Bonding on Boiling Point
 Learning Curve
Rank the following compounds in order of increasing
boiling point:
CH3OH, CH3CH2CH2CH3, and CH3CH2OCH3

1. What are
the IMFs?
2. Which IMF
is
CH3CH2CH2CH3< CH3CH2OCH3 < CH3OH
stronger?

Dispersion Dispersion
Dispersion
Dipole-Dipole H-Bonding
 Learning Curve

Which has the higher boiling point?

1. What are
the IMFs?
2. Which IMF
is
stronger?
 Learning Curve

Of the substances, Xe,CH3Cl,HF, which has:

(a) The smallest dipole-dipole forces?
(b) The largest hydrogen bonding forces?
(c) The largest dispersion forces?
 List the substances BaCl2, H2, CO, HF, and Ne in
order of increasing boiling point.

1.What are the

H2 < Ne < CO < HF < BaCl2
IMFs?
2.Which IMF is Intramolecul
stronger? LD LD D-D H-Bond ar Force Ion-
Ion
 Learning Curve
In the boxes below, what ligand could you attach to the molecule
to maximize the boiling point?

H H H

C C C

H H H
I II
I II
A. H H
B. OH OH
C. H OH
D. Cl H
E. Cl Cl
 Learning Curve
In the boxes below, what ligand could you attach to the molecule
to minimize the boiling point?
H H H

C C C

H H H
I II
I II
A. H H FOR PRACTICE, Use the
B. OH OH ligand choices from
C. H OH answers A-E to arrange the
D. Cl H structure from least to
E. Cl Cl greatest boiling point.
 Learning Curve:
Name the most dominant intermolecular force
A. CH3OH
B. MgCl2
C. CH3(CH2)3CH3
D. Xe

Choose the
highest Boiling
Point

A. CH3OH
B. CH3CH2OH
 Vaporization (liquid to gas)
The pressure exerted by the vapor
when it is in dynamic equilibrium with
its liquid is called the vapor
pressure.
The weaker the attractive forces
between the molecules, the more • The rate of vaporization increases with
increasing temperature.
molecules will be in the vapor. • The rate of vaporization increases with
Therefore, increasing surface area.
– the weaker the attractive • The rate of vaporization increases with
forces, the higher the vapor decreasing strength of intermolecular
forces.
pressure.
– the higher the vapor pressure,
the more volatile the liquid. • Vaporization requires input of energy to overcome
the attractions between molecules.
• If high-energy molecules are at the surface, they
may have enough energy to overcome the
attractive forces.
• The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of
evaporation
• This will allow molecules to escape the liquid and
become a vapor.
Learning Curve
Changing the Container’s Volume Disturbs the
Equilibrium

(a) Initially, the rates of (b) When the volume is (c) When the volume is
vaporization and increased, the rate of decreased, the rate of
condensation are equal, vaporization becomes vaporization becomes slower
and the system is in faster than the rate of than the rate of
dynamic equilibrium. condensation. condensation.
Learning Curve
What happens to the vapor pressure of a substance when its
surface area is increased at constant temperature?
(a) The vapor pressure increases.
(b) The vapor pressure remains the same.
(c) The vapor pressure decreases.
Boiling Point of a Liquid
• When the temperature of a
liquid reaches a point where
its vapor pressure is the same
as the external pressure,
vapor bubbles can form
anywhere in the liquid, not
just on the surface.
• This phenomenon is what is
called boiling.
• The temperature at which the
vapor pressure equals
external pressure is the
boiling point.