ECOSYSTEM

______________________
1.Ram Krishna Prasad (Leader)
2.Rajdeep Paul
3.Ravi Kumar Pandit
4.Rohit Kumar Sharma
5.Saif Waris
Understanding
Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a complex and interconnected system where living
organisms interact with their physical environment. These dynamic
relationships form the basis of how nature functions, with each
component playing a vital role in maintaining the overall balance and
health of the system.
Definition of Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a functional unit composed of both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components that work together in a
specific environment. These components include plants, animals, microorganisms, air, water, soil, and various nutrients that
are essential for sustaining life. The interactions and interdependencies between these elements create a self-regulating
system capable of maintaining a delicate balance over time.
Types of Ecosystems

1 Terrestrial Ecosystems 2 Aquatic Ecosystems 3 Desert Ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystems are land-based Aquatic ecosystems are water-based Desert ecosystems are characterized
environments, such as forests, environments, including freshwater by low rainfall, high temperatures, and
grasslands, and deserts, where the systems like lakes and rivers, as well as sparse vegetation. These harsh
primary producers are plants that obtain marine systems like oceans and coral conditions require plants and animals to
their nutrients and energy from the soil reefs. These ecosystems are develop unique adaptations to thrive,
and sunlight. dominated by various aquatic resulting in a delicate and intricate
organisms that depend on the water for balance.
their survival.

4 Forest Ecosystems 5 Grassland Ecosystems

Forest ecosystems are characterized by a high density of trees Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and other
and a diverse array of plant and animal life. These ecosystems herbaceous plants, with a relatively low density of trees. These
play a crucial role in regulating the global climate, maintaining ecosystems are typically found in temperate and tropical regions
water cycles, and providing valuable natural resources. and support a variety of grazing animals and their predators.
Components of an Ecosystem
1 Biotic (Living) 2 Abiotic (Non-living)
Components Components
The living or biotic components of an The non-living or abiotic components
ecosystem include producers, of an ecosystem include physical and
consumers, and decomposers. chemical factors, such as air, water,
Producers, such as plants, use soil, sunlight, temperature, and
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to nutrients. These abiotic elements
create their own food through provide the necessary resources and
photosynthesis. Consumers, including environmental conditions for the biotic
herbivores and carnivores, rely on components to thrive.
producers or other consumers for
sustenance. Decomposers, like
bacteria and fungi, break down organic
matter and recycle nutrients back into
the ecosystem.
Exploring the
Components of
Ecosystems
An ecosystem is a dynamic and interconnected community of living
organisms and their physical environment. At the core of every
ecosystem are the fundamental components that work together to
sustain life and maintain balance. In this presentation, we will delve into
the key elements that make up the intricate tapestry of an ecosystem.
Ecosystems: A
Closer Look
Ecosystems are intricate, dynamic networks of living organisms and
their physical environment, each playing a vital role in maintaining the
delicate balance of life. In this presentation, we will explore the
complexities of ecosystems, applying key concepts to a local example
and highlighting the importance of these interconnected systems for our
planet and its inhabitants.
Applying Ecosystem Concepts
Locally
1 Food Web
In our local forest, the food web is composed of producers like trees and shrubs,
primary consumers such as deer and rabbits, and various predators including
coyotes and hawks. This intricate network of energy transfer is crucial for the
ecosystem's balance.

2 Nutrient Cycling
The forest's soil is rich in organic matter, which is broken down by decomposers
like fungi and bacteria. This process releases essential nutrients back into the
soil, supporting the growth of plants and maintaining the ecosystem's fertility.

3 Energy Flow
Sunlight powers the primary producers, fueling the flow of energy through the
various trophic levels. This continuous transfer of energy sustains the diverse
array of organisms that call the forest home.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
1 Sunlight
The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the sun. Sunlight provides the
energy that drives the process of photosynthesis in plants, which are the
producers at the base of the food chain.

2 Producers
Producers, such as plants, algae, and certain bacteria, use the energy from
sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a process known as
photosynthesis. This glucose is then used by the producers as an energy
source for growth and reproduction.

3 Consumers
Consumers, which include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores, obtain
energy by consuming the producers or other consumers. This energy is then
used by the consumers for their own growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
 F o o d C h a in
The food chain is a hierarchical structure that describes the flow
of energy and nutrients within an ecosystem. At the base, we
have producers like grass, which convert sunlight into energy
through photosynthesis. These producers are then consumed
by primary consumers like insects, which in turn become prey
for secondary consumers like frogs. Finally, the frogs may be
hunted by tertiary consumers like snakes, completing the cycle.
This interconnected web of feeding relationships is crucial for
maintaining the delicate balance of an ecosystem.
Food
W eb

Producers Primary Secondar Tertiary

Consume y Consumers
At the base of the food
rs Consume At the top of the food
web are the producers -
rs
green plants like grass Primary consumers are web are the tertiary
and dandelions that herbivores like insects Secondary consumers consumers, like snakes,
use photosynthesis to that feed directly on the are carnivores like that prey on the
convert sunlight into producers. They convert frogs that feed on the secondary consumers.
energy-rich organic the plant matter into primary consumers. They represent the final
compounds. energy to sustain They introduce another stage of energy transfer
themselves. level of energy transfer in the ecosystem.
in the food web.
E coloąical
Pyramids
P yramid of P yramid of P yramid of
Enerąy Biomass Numbers
The pyramid of energy illustrates The pyramid of biomass shows The pyramid of numbers
the flow of energy through an the total dry weight of living represents the relative
ecosystem. Each successive organisms at each trophic level. abundance of organisms at
trophic level has less available It typically has a larger base of each trophic level. It often has a
energy, as some is lost as heat producers and decreases in size wide base of producers
during metabolic processes. This with each higher level of supporting fewer primary
pyramid has the producers at the consumers, as energy is lost at consumers, and even fewer
base, followed by the consumers each transfer. secondary and tertiary
in decreasing quantities. consumers at the top.
Ecosyste
m
Services
Ecosystem services are the vital benefits that nature provides to
human society and the environment. These services include
processes like oxygen production, water cycling, soil formation, and
climate regulation - all of which are essential for sustaining life on
Earth.
Terrestrial E c o s y s t e m
1 Diverse 2 Nutrient C y c l i n ą
Species
The exchange of
Terrestrial ecosystems nutrients between the
are characterized by a living and non- living
wide variety of plant components of the
and animal species that ecosystem supports the
interact in complex growth and renewal of
food webs. life.
3 Climate Reąulation
Terrestrial vegetation plays a crucial role in regulating
local and global climate patterns through processes like
photosynthesis and evapotranspiration.
Aquatic Ecosystem
Wa t e r - B a s e d Nutrient C y c l i n ą
Aquatic ecosystems are Aquatic systems support
defined by the presence the cycling of essential
of water, which provides nutrients like nitrogen,
the foundation for diverse phosphorus, and carbon
aquatic life to thrive. that are vital for the
growth of aquatic
organisms.
H a b i t a t Diversity
Aquatic ecosystems encompass a wide range of
habitats, from shallow coastal zones to deep ocean
trenches, each supporting unique species and
communities.
Desert
E c o s ys te
m
Deserts are arid environments with limited vegetation and life. These har
landscapes are characterized by extreme temperatures, sparse rainfall, a
balance of flora and fauna adapted to thrive in these challenging conditio
 Ecosystems: Vital for Life

Biodiversity Climate Regulation Resource Provision

Ecosystems provide us with a wealth
Ecosystems harbor a rich tapestry of Ecosystems, especially forests, play a of resources, from food and water to
species, each playing a unique role in crucial role in regulating the global raw materials and medicinal
maintaining the delicate balance of climate. They absorb and store carbon compounds. Sustainably managing
the system. Preserving biodiversity is dioxide, release oxygen, and influence these natural resources is crucial for
essential for the resilience and local and regional weather patterns, ensuring the long-term viability of our
continued functioning of these natural making them vital for mitigating the planet and the well-being of all its
wonders. effects of climate change. inhabitants.

are the foundation of life on Earth, intricate and interconnected systems that sustain the delicate balance of our world. By understanding and preserving these natural wonders, we can ensure a brighter, more sustainable
.future for all

Sources: NCERT Biology textbook, National Geographic

 H u m a n Impact on
Ecosystem
1 Pollution 2 Deforestation
Irresponsible disposal Clearing land for
of waste and agriculture and
emissions can development destroys
contaminate the the limited vegetation,
fragile desert soil and disrupting the desert's
water sources. delicate ecosystem.

3 Climate 4 Overexploitatio
Chanąe n
Rising temperatures Unsustainable resource
and shifting weather extraction and hunting
patterns can can deplete the
exacerbate desert desert's limited natural
conditions, threatening resources.
the survival of native
species.
C o n s e r vation
of
Ecosystem
Protected Areas S u s ta i n a
ble
Establishing national
Practices
parks and wildlife
reserves helps preserve Implementing eco-friendly
the desert's fragile agriculture, renewable
habitats and energy, and responsible
biodiversity. tourism can mitigate
human impact.
Restoration Education
Rehabilitating degraded Raising awareness and
desert land through promoting environmental
reforestation and habitat literacy can inspire
rehabilitation can help people to protect and
revive the ecosystem. conserve desert
ecosystems.
Conclusion -
■So, after this we can conclude that the
ecosystem plays a major role in living
organisms life and the variety of
ecosystem present. Thank you