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Lecture 8

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11 views16 pages

Lecture 8

Uploaded by

kumamotid1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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For the tank heater system:

• Qualitative control objective:


to maintain the temperature of
the outlet (T) and the volume
of the fluid in the tank at
desired values. For this
example the quantification of
the control
• Quantitative control objective:
– T = Ts
– V = Vs

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b) Select Measurements
• For any control objective, it is always necessary to
monitor the performance of the chemical process
that we want to control.
• This can only be done by measuring the values of
relevant processing variables (temperatures,
pressures, concentrations, flowrates, etc.).
• We always prefer to monitor directly the variables
(making primary measurements) that represent our
control objectives, and this is what is done
whenever possible
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The answer to the following question
leads to the selection of the
measurement(s):

Question 2:

What variables should we measure in order to


monitor the operational performance of a plant?

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For the tank heater system:
• Quantitative control objectives were:
• T = Ts
• V = Vs
• So, we need to monitor T and V
directly.
• This can be done by using:
• a thermocouple (for T) and
• a differential pressure cell (for V).
• Disturbance inputs: Fi and Ti
• Manipulated inputs can be: Fst, F
• Measured outputs can be: V, T

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• When our control objectives are not measurable quantities,
we will be forced to infer their values from other
measurements.

• In this case, we proceed as follows:

• measure other variables which can be measured easily and reliably (secondary
– measurements)
• develop mathematical relationships between the unmeasured outputs and the
secondary measurements, i.e. express the unmeasured output as a function of
the secondary measurement(s)

unmeasured output = f (secondary measurements)


• The mathematical relationship between measured and
unmeasured outputs results from empirical, experimental or
theoretical considerations.

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• Consider a simple distillation column separating a binary
mixture of pentane and hexane into two product streams
of pentane (distillate) and hexane (bottoms).

• Suppose the control objective is to maintain the


production of a distillate stream with 95% by mole in
pentane in the presence of changes in the feed
composition.

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Our immediate control
configuration proposal would
be to use a composition
analyzer to measure the
concentration of pentane in
the distillate and then using
feedback control to
manipulate the reflux ratio.

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• An alternative control system would be to use a
composition analyzer to monitor the
concentration of pentane in the feed.

• Then in a feedforward arrangement we can


change the reflux ratio to achieve our objective.

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• Both of the above control systems depend
on composition analyzers.

• Composition analyzers are either very


costly or of very low reliability for an
industrial environment (failing quite often
or not providing accurate measurements).

• In such cases we can measure the


temperature at various plates along the
length of the column quite reliably, using
simple thermocouples.

• Then using the material and energy


balances around the plates of the column
and the thermodynamic equilibrium
relationship between liquid and vapor
streams, we can develop a mathematical
relationship that gives us the composition
of the distillate if the temperatures of some
selected trays are known.

9
• Another class of measurements that we can make to monitor
the behavior of a chemical process includes the direct
measurement of the external disturbances.

• Measuring the disturbances before they enter the process


allows us to know a priori what the behavior of the chemical
process will be and thus take remedial control action to
alleviate any undesired consequences.

• Feedforward control uses direct measurements of the


disturbances.

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c) Select Manipulated Variable
• Once the control objectives have been specified and the various
measurements identified, the next question is how do we effect a change
on the process, i.e.

Question 3:

What are the manipulated variables to be used in order to control a chemical


process?

• Usually in a process we have a number of available input variables which


can be adjusted freely.

• Which ones we select to use as manipulated variables is a crucial question


as the choice will affect the quality of the control actions we take.

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• To control the level of
liquid in a tank we can
either adjust the flow rate
of the inlet stream or the
flow rate of the outlet
stream .

• Which one is better is an


important question that
we will analyze later.

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d) Select the Control Configuration

• After the control objectives, the possible measurements, and


the available manipulated variables have been identified,
the final problem to be solved is that of defining the control
configuration.

• Before we define what a control configuration is, let us look


at some control systems with different control
configurations.

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• The two feedback control
systems shown
constitute two different
control configurations.

• The same information


(measurement of liquid
level) flows to different
manipulated variables,
i.e. F and Fi.

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• The feedback control
system and the feed
forward control system for
the tank heater constitute
two distinctly different
control configurations.

• For these two control


systems we use the same
manipulated variable, i.e.
Fst but different
measurements.

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In the above examples we notice that two
control configurations can differ either in the:

• manipulated variable where the same information flows


to

• information (measurement) flowing to the same


manipulated variable

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