Data Communication,

Network, Internet

 Md. Arafat Hossain

 Lecturer, Dept. of ICE
 BAUET

Information and Communication Engineering (ICE), BAUET

 Overview
Communication is the transfer of information from one
place to another.

This should be done

- as efficiently as possible
- with as much fidelity/reliability as possible
- as securely as possible

Communication System: Components/subsystems act

together to accomplish information transfer/exchange.

Process describing transfer of information, data, instructions

between one or more systems through some media

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Communication Systems
 Examples
 people, computers, cell phones, etc.
 Computer communication systems
 Receivers and transmitters: desktop computers,
mainframe computers, etc.

Communication channel

RX
TX

RX RX
Amp/Adaptor

Communication
media

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Communications Components
 Basic components of a
communication system
 Communication
technologies
 Communication devices
 Communication channels
 Communication software

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A Communications Model

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 Diagram of a Communication
System

Input Output
message message

Input Output
Transducer Transducer
Transmitter Channel Receiver

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Elements of communication system

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Input Transducer: The message produced by a source
must be converted by a transducer to a form suitable for
the particular type of communication system.
Example: In electrical communications, speech waves are
converted by a microphone to voltage variation.

Transmitter: The transmitter processes the input signal to

produce a signal suits to the characteristics of the
transmission channel.
Signal processing for transmission almost always involves
modulation and may also include coding. In addition to
modulation, other functions performed by the transmitter
are amplification, filtering and coupling the modulated
signal to the channel.

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Channel: The channel can have different forms: The atmosphere
(or free space), coaxial cable, fiber optic, waveguide, etc.
The signal undergoes some amount of degradation from noise,
interference and distortion

Receiver: The receiver’s function is to extract the desired signal

from the received signal at the channel output and to convert it to
a form suitable for the output transducer.
Other functions performed by the receiver: amplification (the
received signal may be extremely weak), demodulation and
filtering.

Output Transducer: Converts the electric signal at its input into

the form desired by the system user.
Example: Loudspeaker, personal computer (PC), tape recorders.

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 10

 Communication systems encompass

many and highly diverse applications
 Radios, television, wireless communications, satellite
communications, deep-space communications, telephony,
data networks, Internet, and quite a few others.

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 To be transmitted, Information (Data)
must be transformed to electromagnetic
signals.

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1.2 Applications
12

 Broadcasting
 Which involves the use of a single powerful transmitter and numerous
receivers that are relatively inexpensive to build
 point-to-point communications
 In which the communication process takes place over a link between a
single transmitter and a single receiver.

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 13

 Radio
 Broadcasting
 AM and FM radio
 The voices are transmitted from broadcasting stations that operate in our
neighborhood
 Television
 Transmits visual images and voice
 Point-to-point communication
 Satellite communication
 Built around a satellite in geostationary orbit, relies on line-of-sight radio
propagation for the operation of an uplink and a downlink

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 Back Next
14

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Communication Channels
 A channel is a path between two communication
devices
 Channel capacity: How much data can be passed
through the channel (bit/sec)
 Also called channel bandwidth
 The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!
 Consists of one or more transmission media
 Materials carrying the signal
 Two types:
 Physical: wire cable
T1
 Wireless: Air lines T1
destination lines
network
server T3
lines

T1
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Physical Transmission Media

 A tangible media
 Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, Fiber-optics, etc.
 Twisted-pair cable:
 One or more twisted wires bundled together (why?)
 Made of copper
 Coax-Cable:
 Consists of single copper wire surrounded by three layers of
insulating and metal materials
 Typically used for cable TV
 Fiber-optics:
 Strands of glass or plastic used to transmit light
 Very high capacity, low noise, small size, less suitable to natural
disturbances

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Physical Transmission Media

twisted-pair cable twisted-pair wire

woven or
braided metal copper wire

plastic outer insulating

coating material

optical fiber
core

glass cladding

protective
coating

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Wireless Transmission Media
 Broadcast Radio
 Distribute signals through the
air over long distance
 Uses an antenna
 Typically for stationary
locations
 Can be short range
 Cellular Radio
 A form of broadcast radio used
for mobile communication
 High frequency radio waves to
transmit voice or data
 Utilizes frequency-reuse
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Wireless Transmission Media
 Microwaves
 Radio waves providing high speed
transmission
 They are point-to-point (can’t be
obstructed)
 Used for satellite communication
 Infrared (IR)
 Wireless transmission media that
sends signals using infrared light-
waves - Such as?

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Data (Information) can be analog or digital. The
term analog data refers to information that is
continuous; digital data refers to information
that has discrete states. Analog data take on
continuous values. Digital data take on discrete
values.

Signals passing through the communication channel

can be Digital, or analog
Analog signals: continuous electrical waves
Digital signals: individual electrical pulses (bits)

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Communication Systems

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Data Communications Model

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Figure Comparison of analog and digital signals

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Information Representation Using
Analog Signals
 Information can be represented using analog signals
 Analog signals cannot be manipulated easily
 Analog signals must be digitized for computer processing
 They must also be presented in binary form for computer processing

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Analog and Digital Communication
Systems

There are many kinds of information sources, which

can be categorized into two distinct message
categories, analog and digital.

an analog communication system should deliver

this waveform with a specified degree of fidelity.

a digital communication system should deliver data

with a specified degree of accuracy in a specified
amount of time.

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The Advantages of Digitization

 Information can be processed by the computer

 Easy transmission of information over the Internet and other
computer networks
 Minimize loss of quality during transmission

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Digital Advantage

 Processing using computer technology

 Programmable services
 Better quality due to being able to reconstruct exact digital
patterns at the receiving end
 Faster communication speeds are possible

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Comparisons of Digital and Analog
Communication Systems

Digital Communication System Analog Communication System

Advantage : Disadvantages :
 inexpensive digital circuits
 privacy preserved (data encryption)  expensive analog components : L&C
 can merge different data (voice, video and  no privacy
data) and transmit over a common digital  can not merge data from diff. sources
transmission system  no error correction capability
 error correction by coding

Disadvantages : Advantages :

 larger bandwidth  smaller bandwidth

 synchronization problem is relatively  synchronization problem is relatively
difficult easier

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Wi-Fi Technology

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Introduction

Definitions:

 Wi-Fi stands for ( Wireless Fidelity) which is a brand

originally licensed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe the
underlying technology of wireless local area networks
(WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications.

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What is Wi-Fi?

 Short for wireless fidelity.

 It is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency to transmit
data through the air.
 Wi-Fi is based on the 802.11 standard:
 802.11a
 802.11b
 802.11g

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IEEE 802.11 Family
Protoc Releas Freq. Data Rate Range (m)
ol e (GHz) (Mbit/s) (Indoor/outdo
(Typical / or)
Max)
A Sep 5 / 3.7 20 / 54 35 / 120
1999
B Sep 2.4 5.5 / 11 35 / 140
1999
G Jun 2.4 22 / 54 38 / 140
2003
N Oct 2.4 / 5 110+ / 300+ 70 / 250
2009

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Wireless LAN Networks

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WLAN Architecture—Infrastructure Mode

To Wired Network

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Extended Service Area

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Infrastructure network

 There is an Access Point (AP), which becomes the

hub of a “star topology.”
 Any communication has to go through AP. If a
Mobile Station (MS), like a computer, a PDA, or a
phone, wants to communicate with another MS, it
needs to send the information to AP first, then AP
sends it to the destination MS
 Multiple APs can be connected together and
handle a large number of clients.
 Used by the majority of WLANs in homes and
businesses.

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Wi-Fi Certification

 The Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo from the Wi-Fi

Alliance.
 Rigorous interoperability testing requirements.
 Certifies the interoperability of 802.11 products from
the many different vendors.

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 Basic Operation &
Applications
 Wi-Fi was intended to be used for mobile
computing devices, such as laptops, in LANs,
but it is now often used for increasingly more
applications, including Internet access and
basic connectivity of consumer electronics
such as televisions and DVD players.

 Wi-Fi can be used by cars in highways to

support an Intelligent Transportation System
to increase safety.
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 With a Wi-Fi device, such as a computer,
telephone, or personal digital assistant
(PDA) can connect to the Internet when he
is in the region of an access point. The
region covered by one or several access
points is called a hotspot.

 Hotspots can range from a single room to

large open areas.

 Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-

peer mode, which enables devices to
connect directly with each other.

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How Wi-Fi Works
 Radio waves are the keys which make
Wi-Fi networking possible.

 These radio signals are transmitted from

antennas and picked up by Wi-Fi
receivers such as computers and cell
phones that are equipped with Wi-Fi
cards.

 The Wi-Fi card will read the signals and

thus create an internet connection
between the user and the network.
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 The typical Wi-Fi setup contains one or more Access Points
(APs) and one or more clients.

 The Wi-Fi standard leaves connection criteria and roaming

totally open to the client. This is a strength of Wi-Fi, but also
means that one wireless adapter may perform substantially
better than the other.

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 Wireless
IEEE 802.15.4 Standards
Sensors RFID
(Zigbee Alliance) (AutoID Center)

IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19 RAN

IEEE 802.22
WAN
3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)
IEEE 802.20 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)
IEEE 802.16e GSMA, OMA

IEEE 802.16d MAN ETSI HiperMAN &

WiMAX HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.11 LAN ETSI-BRAN

Wi-Fi Alliance HiperLAN2

IEEE 802.15.3 PAN ETSI

UWB, Bluetooth
HiperPAN
Wi-Media,
BTSIG, MBOA
42
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Infrastructure Network

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Advantages of Wi-Fi
 Allows LANs to be deployed without cabling.
Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as
outdoor areas and historical buildings, can
host wireless LANs.

 Wi-Fi networks support roaming, in which a

mobile client station such as a laptop
computer can move from one access point to
another as the user moves around a building
or area.

 Wi-Fi is suitable for latency-sensitive

applications
(such as voice and video) and small form-
factor devices.

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Advantages

 Freedom – You can work from any location that you can get a
signal.
 Setup Cost – No cabling required.
 Flexibility – Quick and easy to setup in temp or permanent space.
 Scaleable – Can be expanded with growth.
 Mobile Access – Can access the network on the move.

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Disadvantages of Wi-Fi
 Wi-Fi networks have limited range. A
typical Wi-Fi home with a stock antenna
might have a range of 45 m (150 ft)
indoors and 90 m (300 ft) outdoors.

 Interference of a closed or encrypted

access point with other open access points
in the area.

 Wi-Fi networks can be monitored and used

to read and copy data (including personal
information) transmitted over the network.

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Disadvantages

 Speed – Slower than cable.

 Range – Affected by various medium.
 Travels best through open space.
 Reduced by walls, glass, water, etc
 Security – Greater exposure to risks.
 Unauthorized access.
 Compromising data.
 Denial of service.

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 Network Technologies

 Personal area network (PAN)

 A low range computer network
 PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices
themselves
 Wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire.
 Wireless personal area network (WPAN)
 Uses network technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB, Z-Wave
and ZigBee
 Internet Mobile Protocols
 Supporting multimedia Internet traffic
 IGMP & MBONE for multicasting
 RTP, RTCP, & RSVP (used to handle multimedia on the Internet)
 VoIP

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The Name –Bluetooth?

 The name is attributed to Harald Bluetooth

was king of Denmark around the turn of the
last millennium.

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 Bluetooth is a new standard developed by a
group of electronics manufacturers that will
allow any sort of electronic equipment -- from
computers and cell phones to keyboards and
headphones -- to make its own connections,
without wires, cables or any direct action from
a user.
 A key difference with other existing
wireless technologies is that bluetooth
enables combined usability models
based on functions provided by
different devices.

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 The Bluetooth Special Interest Group
comprises more than 1000 companies.The
major companies who created the technology
include
 Intel
3 com
 Ericcson
 IBM
 Motorola
 Nokia
 Toshiba

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 Present
wireless technology like infra
red data communication has two
problems –1)Line of Sight 2) One to
One
 Using data synchronizing– e.g. hot
syn on a PDA --- problem of using the
right cradle and cable.
 BLUETOOTH OVERCOMES THESE
PROBLEMS
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Bluetooth Overview

 Wireless technology for short-range voice and data

communication
 Low-cost and low-power
 Provides a communication platform between a wide range of
“smart” devices
 Not limited to “line of sight” communication

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Bluetooth
 Uses radio frequency
 Typically used for close distances
(short range- 33 feet or so)
 Transmits at 1Mbps
 Used for handheld computers to
communicate with the desktop

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Bluetooth

 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

 Design goal
 Cable replacement
 Low cost
 Low power
 Small size
 For mobile devices
 Standard: IEEE 802.15.1

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Motivation

Digital Camera
Computer

Scanner

Inkjet
Printer

Home Audio System PDA Cordless Phone

Cell Phone Base Station
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Bluetooth Applications

 Automatic synchronization between mobile and stationary

devices
 Connecting mobile users to the internet using bluetooth-enabled
wire-bound connection ports
 Dynamic creation of private networks

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The Basic Idea
 Bluetooth is a standard for a small ,
cheap radio chip to be plugged into
computers, printers, mobile phones, etc
 Bluetooth chip is designed to replace
cables. Information normally carried by
the cable, is transmitted at a special
frequency to a receiver Bluetooth chip.
 These devices can form a quick ad-hoc
secure “piconet” and start
communication.
 Connections in the “piconets” can occur
even when mobile.
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“Piconet”

 A collection of devices connected via Bluetooth

technology in an ad hoc fashion.
 A piconet starts with two connected devices, and
may grow to eight connected devices.
 All Bluetooth devices are peer units and have
identical implementations. However, when
establishing a piconet, one unit will act as a
Master and the other(s) as slave(s) for the
duration of the piconet connection.

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Connecting to Internet

 Being able to gain access to the Internet by using “Bluetooth

access points”
 Access point is used as a gateway to the internet
 Both the access point and the device are Bluetooth-enabled
 An example of Service Discovery Protocol
 Access point provides a service to the device

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Ad Hoc Networks

 Up to 8 devices can be actively connected in master/slave

configuration
 Piconets can be combined to form scatternets providing
unlimited device connectivity

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Requirements
 Low cost as cables – chip $5
 Secure as cables – must support
authentication and encryption
 Must support both data and voice.
 Must connect to a variety of devices.
 Must be able to function in a noisy
environment.
 Data rates – 721kbps , using the 2.45Ghz radio
frequency band –I.S.M (Industrial, scientific
and medical)
 Must support many simultaneous and private
“piconets”.
 Must be low power, compact and global.
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Bluetooth Radio

 Uses 2.4 GHz ISM band spread spectrum radio (2400 – 2483.5
MHz)
 Advantages
 Free
 Open to everyone worldwide
 Disadvantages
 Can be noisy (microwaves, cordless phones, garage door openers)

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 WiFi vs. Bluetooth
Bluetooth Wifi
Specifications authority Bluetooth SIG IEEE, WECA
Year of development 1994 1991
Bandwidth Low ( 800 Kbps ) High (11 Mbps )
Hardware requirement Bluetooth adaptor on all the devices Wireless adaptors on all the devices
connecting with each other of the network, a wireless router
and/or wireless access points
Cost Low High
Power Consumption Low High
Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz
Security It is less secure It is more secure
Range 10 meters 100 meters
Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, Notebook computers, desktopcomput
keyboards,office and industrial automa ers, servers
tion devices
Ease of Use Fairly simple to use. Can be used to It is more complex and requires
connect upto seven devices at a time. It configuration of hardware and
is easy to switch between devices or software.
find and connect to any device.
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WiMAX
 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
 Provides wireless transmission of data from point-
to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile
internet access (up to 3 Mbit/s)
 The intent is to deliver the last mile wireless
broadband access as an alternative to cable and
DSL
 Based on the IEEE 802.16(d/e) standard (also
called Broadband Wireless Access)

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Wireless Technology Differences 66

MobiHoc '10
Standard Family Downlink Uplink Coverage
(Mbps) (Mbps)

WiFi 802.11 11/54/150/300 100m

WiMAX 802.16e 144 35 10km

UMTS (3G) 3GPP 14.4 5.76 30km

/HSPA (3.5G)

LTE (4G) 3GPP 360 80 30km

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 v
s

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Wireless Broadband 68

Technologies

MobiHoc '10
802.11n

Throughput

4G

802.11 a/b/g
3.5G

Coverage Range
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Comparison Between Similar
Technologies3

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 Wecan say that it is more likely that Wi-
Max could compete with other cellular
phone protocols such as GSM, UMTS or
CDMA. However, Wi-Fi is ideal for VoIP
applications like in a corporate LAN
environment.

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IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs:
Physical Layer Options

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Network Examples

 Intranets
 Used for private networks
 May implement a firewall
 Hardware and software that restricts access
to data and information on a network

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