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35 views59 pages

Transfer Function (Autosaved)

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adaptive4u4527
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Xl7--Df3g8&t=459s Reflections about the video ?

It is valid for only Linear, Time-invariant (LTI)systems


only.
A time - invariant system is one whose behavior (its
response to the input) does not change with time.
The output is independent when the input is
applied.

A system is called time - invariant system if


shifting the input signal x ( t – t0) causes the
same shift in the output y (t-t0). Input and
outputs are independent of time.
Any delay in input, will cause same delay in output. A circuit having R, C, L linear IC (o
amp)
1- y (t) = 2+ x(t) is time invariant system
y(t) =exp(-2k) *x(t) invariant
y(t) =x(2t)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZq7j2b-7Lw&t=199s
If there’s time-scaling of the input by the system then it would
be time-variant.
If there’s any time dependency added/subtracted in the input,
then also, time variant

Time-invariant
no time-scaling of the input by the system
If there’s no time dependency added/subtracted in the input,
Coefficient should be constant (should not be function of time)
Linear System
A system is linear if it satisfies the superposition theorem and
homogeneity.
Transfer Function (T. F)
• Transfer function relates the system output and input algebraically in s-domain.
• Suppose r(t) is input in time domain, c(t) is output in time domain
• while R(s) is Laplace Transform of input and C(s) is Laplace Transform of output.

Transfer Function is ratio of Laplace transfer of output to the Laplace of input with
all initial conditions assumed to be zero.

Transfer Function =
Transfer function of DC Motor
Why to find Transfer Function ? Advantages
 It represents the dynamics of the system under consideration.
 One of the useful ways to represent the system
mathematically.
 Once the transfer functions is known, output of the systems
can be calculated for any input.
 Used for finding poles, zeros, characteristic equations etc
 Poles and zeros in s-plane represents the transient response
of the system.
 Used to find the stability of the system
 The system differential equation can be obtained by replacing
‘s’ by ‘d/dt’.
 the use of multiplication to represent links between
components from which block diagrams can be constructed
Transfer Function : Doesn’t
• Its applicable only for Linear, Time -Invariant (LTI) systems.
• It doesn’t show/represent any information about the physical system.
• A dynamical system is one in which the state of the
system changes continuously over time
https://www.mathworks.com/support/search.html/videos/what-are-transfer-functions-1661846920974.html?fq
%5B%5D=asset_type_name:video&fq%5B%5D=category:control/index&page=1
Transfer Function of Simple RC
circuit
Capacitor is used to store electrical charges and used as a filter in electronic circuits
Voltage
Divider Rule
Find the transfer function
Mass-Damper System
Transfer function of electrical
Networks
• Differential Equations
• Voltage Division (impedance method)
• Mesh Analysis (using KVL)
• Nodal Analysis (using KCL)
Mass
Damper

RC Circuit

Single Water
Tank
Mass-Spring Damper systems
Mass-Spring Damper systems
1- Write KVL for input.
2- Write KVl for output. Arrange to get value of I (s).
3- Put value of I(s) in equation 1.
4- Arrange to get Eo(s)/Ei(s)
Find the Transfer function of the following circuit.
• https://wiraelectrical.com/laplace-transform-transfer-functions/
Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function
• The concept of poles and zeros, is fundamental to the analysis and design of control systems.
• Poles and zeros are characteristics of transfer function.
• Suppose G(s) is a rational function of s as

• Where n(s) and d(s) are the polynomials in s.


• The roots of n(s) are Zeros of the transfer function, obtained by n(s)=0.
• Zeros are the values of s that make the transfer function zero, shown as .
• Or Any roots of the numerator of the transfer function that are common to roots of the
denominator.
• The roots of d(s) are Poles of the transfer function, obtained by d(s)=0.
• Poles are the values of s that makes the transfer function infinite, shown as X.
• Or Any roots of the denominator of the transfer function that are common to roots of the
numerator.
• Poles and zeros are critical frequencies.
• Zeroes as places in where the system completely blocks
a certain frequency (as the numerator goes to 0, so does
the entire function).
• A poles is a frequency where the system has infinite
response (at least mathematically, as the denominator
goes to 0, the function goes to infinity).
Why Poles and Zeros are important?

• They tell about how system will perform? Is it Stable /Unstable?


• How quickly it will respond?
• With the help of poles and zeros, we can reconstruct the system
differential equations.
• Together with the gain constant K they completely characterize the
differential equation, and provide a complete description of the
system.
https://blog.mbedded.ninja/electronics/circuit-design/what-are-transfer-functions-poles-and-zeroes/
A ingle pole @ s = -1/RC
jѠ = -1/RC
pole frequency Ѡ = - j /RC
at this frequency transfer function will be infinite.
It has a zero at s= ∞ or Ѡ = ∞
Find the poles and zeros of the following transfer functions;

Zero is at s = -3
Poles are at s = -1 and s = -2

Zeros are at s = 5 and s = -3


Poles are at s = 0, s = -1+i and s
= -1-i
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://web.mit.edu/2.14/www/Handouts/PoleZero.pdf
Transfer function in terms of zeros and poles

chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://web.mit.edu/2.14/www/Handouts/PoleZero.pdf

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