Signal and Systems

B.Tech – (Computer Science and Engineering - Cybersecurity)

Sem III
AY 21-22
Instructor: Vidya Sawant

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Let us discuss some standard
signals already learnt in BEEE

SNS - Vidya Sawant

What is a Signal?

• Conveys information
• Sound
• Image
• Video
• Biomedical data
• Music
• Speech
 How does a Signal look ?
Communication
signal
Electrical
signal

Speech /
Audio
signal

Biomedical
signal Images
Signal Representation

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 , 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡

Signal is a function of a independent variable

 If let us say you have a speech signal
What would you do with it?
But…….

What if it is a audio signal of sound in a forest and I want to listen

only to:

sound of bird

Or sound of bear

Or sound of a waterfall
Amplify
Attenuate
We have to check the frequency spectrum of this particular signal
Clip
and extract only the frequency that we want using a filter
Slow down the signal (scale up the time axis)
Fast forward the signal (scale down the time axis)
HOW to perform all that is mentioned in this slide ?
Jump to a particular time and start playing it (time delay)
Shift the signal (time shifting) We learn all of this in SNS
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Signal
Modify signal in time Analyze
domain Processing
Unit 3:
Fourier Series Unit 2:
(frequency analysis of periodic CT signal) LTI Systems
Unit 1:
Elementary signals and Unit 4:
operations on signals Fourier Transform
(frequency analysis Aperiodic CT signal)
Unit 5:
Laplace Transform
(analyze CT signal in complex domain, s)

Unit 6:
Z Transform (Discrete signals)
 What is a System :
• We need to process the signal (Sound , Images, Video, Biomedical data,
control signals, transmitted signals, sensor data, time-varying
measurements, etc…)

• Analysis and Interpretation

• Modify the signal
• Control the process/ signal

Processing of the signal helps to estimate the characteristic

parameters of the signal and also to transform the signal in to
desired form.
 Scope of the subject
• To build up the concepts required to analyze and transform signals

• To build up the concepts required to analyze , model and design systems

System:
Filter, Amplifier, mixers ,
modulators
Antenna

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Scope of the subject
• To learn different types of signals and system classification

• To understand the characteristics of different types of signals

• To understand difference between a continuous time signal and discrete time signal

• To learn to transform the signals in time and amplitude

• To learn to transform the signals from time domain to frequency domain (various
transformation such as fourier transform, laplace transform, z transform)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Scope of the subject

• To learn to transform the signals from time domain to frequency domain

(various transformation such as Fourier transform, Laplace transform, z
transform)
• Transformation makes it easier to understand the signal in detail
• Transformation makes mathematical computations easier
• Convolution in time domain is multiplication in frequency domain
• Amplitude spectrum (amplitude versus frequency)
• Phase spectrum (phase versus frequency)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Scope of the subject
• The concepts learn are building blocks of Digital Signal Processing
• Design of 3G, 4G, 5G wireless communication systems
• Voice recognition, Syntheses, Speech, audio compression (Audio and speech
processing)
• Image denoising, image compression , video compression , HD video coding
(Video / image processing)
• Radars, Sonars, Satellite communication

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Syllabus
1. Introduction to Signals and Systems
2. LTI System and Classification
3. Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals:
4. Fourier transform
5. Laplace transform
6. Z transform

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Meaning of Frequency analysis

Time domain Frequency

plot domain plot

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Text Books
1. Nagor Kani, Signals and Systems
2. Oppeneheim & Willsky, Signals and System
3. Simon Haykin, signals and Systems
4. Schaum Outline, Signals and Systems
5. Tarun Kumar Rawat, Signals and Systems

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 ICA (100 Marks)
1. M1 (20 marks)
2. M2 (20 marks)
3. Lab performance (10 marks)
4. Designing a lab experiment (10 marks)
5. Class participation (10 marks)
6. Assignment (10 marks)
7. Lab exam and viva (20 marks)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Unit 1
 Signals

1. Signals
2. Basic operation on signals
3. Classification of Signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

What is a signal ?
A common form of human communication;
(i) Use of speech signal on telephone channel
(ii) Use of visual signal taking the form of images of people or objects
 Real life examples of signals
Heart beat
Temperature of patient
And many more
Signal is a pattern of variation that carries information
Signal is expressed mathematically function of time which carries
information of any physical phenomenon
Signal represents information
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Example

Speech signal
Variation of air pressure in the vocal tract
X(t) as a function of time

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Frequency components in an image

Image signal
Variation of color Intensity (brightness)
f(x,y)
Intensity changes with spatial (horizontal / vertical ) positions

Parts of the image that change rapidly from one color to

another (e.g. sharp edges) contain high frequencies, and
parts that change gradually (e.g. large surfaces with solid
colors) contain only low frequencies

Original image is made by adding all the frequency

components together.

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Heart Rate of a person

Detailed analysis of the signal

Frequency Analysis is
done by :
Fourier Transform
Laplace Transform
Z Transform

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Basic Classification of Signals
Continuous Time Signal Discrete Time Signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Continuous Time and Discrete Time
signal
• Continuous Time (CT) signals are functions whose amplitude continuously
varies with time,
• They are denoted as x(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Discrete Time (DT) Signals
• Discrete time signals are functions of values taken as discrete instant of time
• It is often derived from CT signals by sampling at uniform time (sampling
period)

• n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ….. (note no fractional values)

• DT signals are represented as x[n] where n denotes discrete time

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Example of CT and DT signal
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝐶𝑇 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑇 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Different ways of representing a DT
signal
2. Graphical representation
1. Equation x(n)
1.2
1
1

0.8

0.6
0.5

0.4
0.25
0.2 0.125
0.0625
0
0 1 2 3 4

x(n)

3. Represented by Explicit list of values taken by x[n]

Example of DT signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Elementary Continuous Time (CT)
signals / functions
(i) Unit step signal, u(t)
(ii) Unit impulse signal, δ(t)
(iii) Ramp signal, r(t)
(iv) Signum function, Sgn(t)
(v) Exponential Signal, e-at
(vi) Rectangular Signal, rect(t)
(vii) Triangular Signal,
(viii)Sinusoidal Signal
(ix) Sinc Function
SNS - Vidya Sawant
(i) Unit step function
• Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as

SNS - Vidya Sawant

(ii) Unit impulse function
Unit Impulse function also known as Dirac or delta function
is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as

Impulse signal exists only at t = 0

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Relation between unit step signal and
impulse function
If u(t) is a unit step function and (t) is a unit impulse function then

∫ δ ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 =𝑢 (𝑡 )
−∞

Relation between u(t) and δ (t) viceversa

(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Derive the relation between u(t) and
δ(t)
Since, u (t) = 0 , t < 0
= 1, t > 0

By property of impulse function ∫ δ ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 =𝑢 (𝑡 )

−∞
+∞

∫ δ ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 =1
−∞ and
𝑡
i.e.
∫ δ ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 0 , 𝑡 <0
(t)
−∞
𝑡

∫ δ ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 =1 , 𝑡 > 0
−∞ SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Significance of impulse function
To convert a continuous time signal to discrete time signal
 SAMPLING: to convert CT signal into DT signal
By multiplying CT signal by a unit impulse and its shifted versions

∞
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= ∑ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) . 𝛿(𝑡 −𝑛)
𝑛=− ∞

Any signal can be represented as a series of scaled time shifted impulses

SNS - Vidya Sawant
(3) Ramp signal
• Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as

Ramp signal can also be written as

• Unit ramp signal has a slope of 1 r (t) = t u(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Relation between r(t) and u(t)

• Unit ramp function is the integral of unit step function

𝑡 𝑡

∫ 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 =∫ 1 𝑑𝑡 =𝑡
𝑜 0

Therefore :

∫ 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡=𝑟 ( 𝑡 )
𝑜

𝑑 𝑟 (𝑡 )
𝑡h𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 ,𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) =
𝑑𝑡

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Signum Function
• Signum function is denoted as sgn(t). It is defined as

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Exponential Signal
• Exponential signal is in the form of

SNS - Vidya Sawant

SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Triangular signal / function

𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) =2 ¿

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 ¿ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=9 ¿
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Rectangular signal

𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
𝑡
𝑇

Example:
5

𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) =5 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
𝑡
4
−4 4
2 2
SNS - Vidya Sawant
−𝟐 𝟐
 Example of rectangular signal
𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 4 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( 4 𝑡 ) 4

−1/ 4 1/ 4
2 2
−𝟏 /𝟖 1

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Example of rectangular signal
𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡 : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=3 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( )
2𝑡
𝑇
3

−𝑇 /2 𝑇 /2
2 2
−𝑻 /𝟒 𝑻 /𝟒

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Unit Rectangular Signal
1
𝑎

- +

2
𝑇=
𝑎

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=
1
𝑎
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( 𝑎𝑡
2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡
SNSh 𝑖𝑛 Sawant
- Vidya 𝑡h𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒=1
 Sinusoidal Signal

Φ is the phase
Wo is fundamental frequency

To is the fundamental period

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Sinc Function
• It is denoted as sinc(t) and it is defined as

Peak Value at origin = 1 and zero crossings at ± n

This is a normalized function.

SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Sampling Function
• It is denoted as sa(t) and it is defined as

Peak value at origin = 1 and zero crossings at ± nπ

This isSNSa- Vidya
unnormalized
Sawant function.
 Elementary Discrete Time (CT)
signals / functions
(i) Unit step signal, u[n]
(ii) Unit impulse signal, δ[n]
(iii) Ramp signal, r[n]
(iv) Signum function, Sgn[n]
(v) Exponential Signal, ean
(vi) Rectangular Signal, rect[n]
(vii) Triangular Signal,
(viii)Sinusoidal Signal
(ix) Sinc Function
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Discrete time signals

1. Discrete time unit step signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Discrete time signals
2. Discrete time unit impulse signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Relation between DT unit step and unit impulse signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 • Also , DT unit step signal is the running sum of DT unit impulses

𝑢 [ 0 ] =δ [ − ∞ ] + .. .+ δ [ 0 ]
¿ 0 +0+ . ..+1
+
¿1
¿ 0 +0+ . ..+1+ 0+ 0
¿1
𝑢 [ 1 ] =δ [ − ∞ ] +. . .+ δ [ 0 ] + δ [ 1 ]
Therefore
¿ 0 +0+ . ..+1+ 0
¿1
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Discrete time signal
• Exponential signal

α is the shaping factor

Where, C is the scaling factor

For simplicity C = 1

SNS - Vidya Sawant

(c) -1 < α < 0, Double sided Decaying exponent

(d) α < -1 Double sided growing exponent

SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Example
α =2 α =−2
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =− 2
𝑛
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =2
𝑛

(b) Double sided growing exponent

(a) growing exponent

20
x(n) 16
15
35

30
x(n) 10

25
5 4
20
0.25 1
0.0625
15 0
-4 -3
-0.125 -2 -1
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4
10 -2
-5
5

0 -8
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -10

x(n) SNS - Vidya Sawant

x(n)
 Example
18 20
16 x(n) 16
x(n)
16
15
14

12 10

10
8 5 4
8
1 0.25 1
0.0625
6 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
-0.5 2 3
-0.125 4
4
4 -2
2 -5
2 1 1
0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625
0 -8
-10
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x(n) x(n)

-1 < α < 0
0< α < 1, Decaying exponent
Double sided Decaying exponent
α = 0.5 α = - 0.5
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =0.5 𝑛 SNS - Vidya Sawant 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =− 0.5𝑛
Unit 1
 Signals

1. Signals
2. Elementary signals – analog and discrete signals
3. Basic operation on signals
4. Classification of Signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Basic Operation on Signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Basic Signal Operations
• There are two variable parameters in any signal:
I. Amplitude
II. Time

I. The following operation can be performed with amplitude:

Amplitude Scaling: a.x(t)
Amplitude Reversal : - x(t)
Addition of signals: x1(t) + x2(t) II. The following operations can be performed with time:

Subtraction of signals : x1(t) - x2(t) Time Shifting: x(t – to)

Multiplication of signals : x1(t) . x2(t) Time Scaling: x(at)

Convolution of signals : x1(t) * x2(t) Time Reversal : x ( - t )

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Applications of Basic operations on
signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Applications of Basic operations on
signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Application of Basic operations on
signals Mirroring

Data Augmentation

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Amplitude Scaling

SNS - Vidya Sawant

SNS - Vidya Sawant
Addition of
Signals Subtraction of signalsMultiplication
of signals
Y

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Y

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Plot the signal
Example 2:Y(t) = u(t) + 4 u(t)
a.
a. Y(t) = u(t) + 4 u(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Amplitude Reversal
• Whenever the amplitude of a signal is multiplied by -1, then it is known as
amplitude reversal.
• In this case, the signal produces its mirror image about X-axis. Mathematically,
this can be written as:

𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=− 𝑥 (𝑡 )

SNS - Vidya Sawant

• Example : plot a.
b.

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Time reversal of a signal
• If X(t) is the original signal
• Time reversal results in signal such that : Y(t) = X(- t)

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 :𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑌 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Find x(-t) for each of the example:

Example 2 Example 3 Example 4

Value on amplitude remains same.

Fold the signal along y axis
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Time Scaling of Signals
• If x( t ) is a original signal.
• Then y(t) = x(αt) is time scaled version of the signal x(t), there α is always positive.
• If | α | > 1 ---- leads to compression of signal on time axis (speeds up the signal)
• If | α | < 1 ----- leads to expansion of signal on time axis (slows down the signal)

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑇h𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑜𝑓

SNS - Vidya𝑡Sawant
h𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
 Meaning of time scaling

Consider that signal x(t) represents a tape recording

X(2t) is same as record played at twice the speed (therefore will run faster in time
-hence compressed)

X(t/2) is same recording played at half the speed (therefore will run slower in time
-hence expanded)
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Example 2 (Time Scaling of Signals)

Find x(2t)
Find x(t/2)

Expanded
Compressed

Note : that time is scaled amplitude remains same

SNS - Vidya Sawant
Example 3
Find x(2t)

Find x(t/2)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Exercise: Time scaling application
• Go to any you tube video
• Go to settings
• Go to playback speed
• Adjust to 0.75 and check what happens
• Adjust to 1.25 and check what happens

α =0.75 , 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤 … 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑥 ( α 𝑡 ) 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 α <1

α =1.25 , 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡 … 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑥 ( α 𝑡 ) 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 α > 1

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Time shifting of signals
• Time shifting is mathematically expressed as,

Where, X(t) is the original signal, and t0 represents the shift in time.

Note: If shift t0 > 0 (+ve)…………the signal is said to be right shifted (delayed) 

x(t - t0)
If t0 < 0 (-ve) ………….implies the signal is left shifted (advanced)  x(t + t0)

Its generally used to fast-forward (jump in time)

or delay a signal (go back in time)
as is necessary in most practical circumstances.
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Example

Note: If shift t0 > 0 (+ve) x(t- t0 )  The signal is shifted to right by t0 (delayed)
 move the origin of x(t) to to
Meaning  the signal is the signal x(t) that was t0 seconds ago

If t0 < 0 (-ve) ………….implies the signal is left shifted by t 0 (advanced).

Find x(t+4)
Find x(t-3)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Why x(t - to) signal shift to right and
x(t + to) signal shift to left
Say a signal was launched at x(t)

x ( t – (- to)) x(t - to)

x ( t + to)) Signal is delayed by to
Signal is advanced

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Basic Signal Operations
I. The following operation can be performed with amplitude:
Amplitude Scaling: a.x(t)
Amplitude Reversal : - x(t)
Addition of signals: x1(t) + x2(t)
Subtraction of signals : x1(t) - x2(t)
Multiplication of signals : x1(t) . x2(t) II. The following operations can be performed with time:

Convolution of signals : x1(t) * x2(t) Time Shifting: x(t – to)

Time Scaling: x(at)

Time Reversal : x ( - t )

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Examples :

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Construction of different signals
• Using elementary signals we can construct different kinds of signal
• Elementary signals
(i) Unit step signal, u(t)
(ii) Unit impulse signal, δ(t)
(iii) Ramp signal, r(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Sketch the signal y(t) = u (t) - u (t-2) y(t) = u (t) - u (t-2)

y(t) = u (t) - u (t-2)

y(t) = u (t) - u (t-2)
3. Plot -u (t-2)
1. Plot u (t)

y(t) = u (t) - u (t-2)

2. Plot u (t-2)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Sketch the signal y(t) = u (t) . u (t-2)Multiply the two signals

1. Plot u (t)

2. Plot u (t-2)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Let is now see the summary of all operations

1. Plot x(t) = u (t) - u (t-2)

2. Plot y(t) = x (2t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Sketch x(t) = u (t) - u (t-2) and plot y(t)=x(t/2)

1. Plot x(t) = u (t) - u (t-2)

2. Plot x(t/2)
i.e expand the time scale by 2

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 a. Do shifting first (not mandatory but easier ste
Plot y(t) = u (2t) - u (2t-2)

1. Plot u (2t))

b. Then do scaling

2. - u (2t-2)

c. Amplitude reversal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Sketch u (t/2) - u (t/2 - 2)

1. Plot u (t) 3. Plot - u (t/2 - 2)

a. Plot u (t ) c. Plot u (t/2 - 2 )

2. Plot u (t/2)
b. Plot u (t - 2 ) d. Plot - u (t/2 - 2 )

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Plot the following for the given
signal

Find x(t-2) Find x(t+2)

Shift right by 2 units

SNS - Vidya Sawant
Example𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 :𝑥 (2 𝑡+ 3)
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2 : 𝐷𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑥 (2𝑡 +3)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑥 ( 𝑡 +3 ) 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐷𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠h𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 : 𝑥 (𝑡 +3)

𝑆h𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑏𝑦 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Example
2. Compress by factor 2
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 :𝑥 (− 2𝑡 +3)

3. Time reversal
𝑥 (−2 𝑡 +3)
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐷𝑜 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠h𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 : 𝑥 (𝑡 +3)

𝑆h𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑏𝑦 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Order of compression/ expansion/Time reversal does not matter

Time shifting always has to be done first

SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Why do we do shift operation ufirst?
(2t-2)

This practice will enable to solve questions easily without being bothered about
the taking the common factor

SNS - Vidya Sawant

All the time domain operations for
discrete time signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Given a signal we have to write its
equation

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Write the equation for the given signal
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=2 𝑢 ( 𝑡 )

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=2 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) +2 𝑢 ( 𝑡 −1 ) −2 𝑢 ( 𝑡 −3 )

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Write the equation for the given signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Slope = 0 , to = 2
Slope = +2 Slope = -2 , to =6
Slope = -0, to =8

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=2 𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) −2 𝑟 ( 𝑡 −2 ) −2 𝑟 ( 𝑡 −6 ) +2 𝑟 (𝑡 − 8)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟 ( 𝑡 )=𝑡 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=2 𝑡 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) −2 ( 𝑡 −2 ) 𝑢 ( 𝑡 −2 ) −2 ( 𝑡 −6 ) 𝑢 ( 𝑡 − 6 ) + 2 ( 𝑡 − 8 ) 𝑢(𝑡 − 8)

SNS - Vidya Sawant
 x(t)
0.9

Sketch the following signal

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) −𝑟 ( 𝑡 −1 ) −𝑢 (𝑡 −1) 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4 9 6 7 8 9 10

x(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) − 2𝑟 ( 𝑡 − 1 ) +𝑟 ( 𝑡 −2 ) −𝑢(𝑡 − 2)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=−𝑢 ( 𝑡 + 1 ) +𝑟 ( 𝑡 +1 ) −𝑟 ( 𝑡 −1 ) −𝑢 (𝑡 −1)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Practice Numericals from pdf – 3
(start from pg. no. 5)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Classification of signals
• CT and DT signals can be classified as:
1. Determinstic and random signals
2. Periodic and non periodic signals
3. Even and odd signals
4. Energy and power signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Deterministic Signal

Random Signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Deterministic Signal
 A deterministic signal is a signal that has no un-certainity with respect to its values
The values of deterministic signal is fixed at given time
The signal has a well defined shape
Shape of signal can be mathematically expressed as a function of time
It is called as deterministic because all future values can be calculated from the past
values with complete confidence.
Example: voltage, current, sine wave, square wave

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Random Signal
 A random signal has lot of uncertainty about its behavior
The future values of the signal cannot be accurately predicted and only can be guessed
as any signal would take value from a set of values
Random signal cannot be described with mathematical expressions
They do not have a well defined shape
Statistical tools are used to analyze random signals
Example: Noise in a communication system

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Even and Odd signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Even and Odd signals

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Example of Even and Odd signals

Even Signal Odd Signal

In summary, any even signal are Whereas, any odd signal are
symmetric about the vertical (time origin) asymmetric about the origin
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Examples: (Even and Odd signals)

𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠

𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 SNS - Vidya Sawant

𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
Significance of even and odd signal

Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals

(even signal and a odd signal)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 +

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Significance of even and odd signal
Similarly you can find the even and odd component of any signal x(t) or x[n] as:

CT Signal , x(t) DT Signal , x(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Derivation
(A)

(B)

Addition of (A) and (B) yields

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Example: Find the even and odd
component of x(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Example: Find the even and odd
component of x(t)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Numericals on
Even and Odd component of
x(t) / x[n]

SNS - Vidya Sawant

2. Find the even and odd components of the signal shown
in figure below:
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION

SNS - Vidya Sawant

GRAPHICAL SOLUTION

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Explanation

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Explanation

SNS - Vidya Sawant

SNS - Vidya Sawant
Explanation

x(t)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Find even and odd part of the signal given below

Step 1: find x[-n] Step 1: find - x[-n]

Step 2: Step 2 :
1 1
𝑥 𝑒 [ 𝑛 ] = {𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] + 𝑥 [ −𝑛 ] } 𝑥 𝑜 [ 𝑛 ] = {𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] − 𝑥 [ −𝑛 ] }
2 2

𝑥𝑒 [ 𝑛 ]
SNS - Vidya Sawant 𝑥𝑜[ 𝑛 ]
Note: Product of two signals
• Even signal x Even signal = Even signal

• Even signal x Odd signal = Odd signal

• Odd signal x Even signal = Odd signal

• Odd signal x Odd signal = Even signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Show that the product of two even signal is a
even signal

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝑥( − 𝑡 )

𝑇h𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Show that the product of two odd signal is a
even signal

If x1(t) and x2 (t) both are odd

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑥 ( − 𝑡 )= 𝑥 (𝑡 )
𝑇h𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Show that the product of one odd signal and one even signal
is a even signal

If x1(t) is odd signal and x2 (t) is a even signal

𝑇h𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Numericals for even and odd signals
to be practiced from the pdf 1

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Periodic and Non periodic
Things to learn
• Theory on CT or DT
• What are the conditions for a periodic signal?

• Numericals on CT or DT
• Plot the signal
• What is the fundamental frequency of the signal
• Check if the given signal is periodic or not

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Periodic Signal
 A periodic signal x(t) is a signal that satisfies:
where, T is a positive constant, known as Fundamental PERIOD of the signal
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑥 ( 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑇 ) , 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

APeriodic Signal
Any sequence which is not periodic is called as non – periodic (or aperiodic) signal /
sequence SNS - Vidya Sawant
• Fundamental Period (smallest value of T satisfying the equation)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Periodic DT signal
Periodic DT Signal
 A periodic signal x[n] is a signal that satisfies:

N is the total number of samples per period

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Example: Find the fundamental
frequency of signal below:

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Periodic discrete time signal

𝑁 =11

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Identify

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Numericals to check if a given signal
is periodic or not

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Check if the given Sinusoid is periodic signal with
period 100
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =4 cos (0. 5 π 𝑛)
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 𝑁 ]
𝑁 =100
𝑥 [ 𝑛+10 ] =4 cos( 0.5 π (𝑛+100))
¿ 4 cos (0.5 π 𝑛+50 π )

¿ 4 ¿

𝑆 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ,= 1 =0
𝑥 [ 𝑛+10 ] = 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ]
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Check if the given Sinusoid is periodic signal with
period 20
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =5 cos (0.3 π 𝑛 −0.1 π )

𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 𝑁 ]

𝑁 =20
𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 20 ] =5 cos( 0.3 π (𝑛 +20 ) − 0.1 π )

¿ 5 cos ( 0.3 π 𝑛+ 6 π − 0.1 π )

¿ 5 cos ( ( 𝟎 . 𝟑 𝝅 𝒏 −𝟎 . 𝟏 𝝅 ) + 6 π )
¿ 5 ¿
𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 20 ] =5 cos( 0.3 π 𝑛 − 0.1 π )
𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 20 ] = 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ]
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Check if the given Sinusoid is periodic signal and find its
period
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =2 cos (3 π 𝑛)
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 𝑁 ]

𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 𝑁 ] =2 cos( 3 π ( 𝑛+ 𝑁 ) )

¿ 2 ¿
to be satisfied =1
i.e. =
=0
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓 : 3 π 𝑁 = 2 π
2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑁 =
3
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Check if the given Sinusoid is periodic signal with
period 100
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =2 cos (0.2 π 𝑛 +0.9 π )
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =𝑥 [ 𝑛+ 𝑁 ]
𝑁 =10
𝑥 [ 𝑛+10 ] =2cos ( 0.2 π ( 𝑛+100)+0.9 π )
¿ 2 cos (0.2 π 𝑛+20 π + 0.9 π )
¿ 2 cos ( ( 0.2 π 𝑛+0.9 π ) +20 π )

¿ 2 ¿
𝑆 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ,= 1 =0
𝑥 [ 𝑛+10 ] = 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ]
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Complex exponential signals
• We can also represent a sine wave 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 sin ( 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝜃 )

as 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴𝑒 𝑗 𝜃

So in engineering we come across signals such as

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑒 𝜎 + 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Check if complex exponential is periodic and also find its
fundamental period
𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑡
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑒
Condition for a signal to be periodic

=
=
𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑇
𝑒 =1
for , where m is a positive integer
𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑡
𝑇h𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓
 period of the signal
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 • For discrete time signal x[n] derivation is same with t replaced by n
Note:
Condition for a signal to be periodic

=
=
𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑁
𝑒 =1
when , where m is a positive integer

𝑤𝑜 𝑁 =2 𝑚 π is a rational number

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Some Basics which we will need to
solve Numericals on periodic and
aperiodic signals
Standard sine wave 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 sin (𝑤 𝑜 𝑡 + Φ)

Standard Cos wave 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 cos( 𝑤𝑜 𝑡 +Φ)

Standard exponential signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Find the fundamental frequency of the given signal

Step 1: write the signal in its standard form

Step 2: Find the period

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Other to check if a discrete signal is
periodic or not
Step 1: Compare given signal with standard signal and find w o
Step 2: For checking if a DT signal is periodic or not

is a rational number Is the condition for a

periodic signal
Number of samples per period Because frequency of samples
N = period of the signal is always a integer.

In discrete samples never

occur at fractional values

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 𝑗7π 𝑛
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 3 ( 𝑛 )= 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡

𝒋 𝒘𝒐 𝒏
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝒙 [ 𝒏 ] =𝒆

𝑤𝑜 =7 π

𝑤𝑜 7 π
=
2π 2π

𝑤𝑜 7 𝑚
= = 𝑤h𝑖𝑐h 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
2π 2 𝑁

𝑇 h𝑢𝑠, 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 =2

SNS - Vidya Sawant

To check the periodicity of sum of
two or more signals
• If x1(t) is periodic with period T1 and x2(t) is periodic with period T2,
then the sum of the two signals x1(t) + x2(t) is periodic with period
equal to the least common multiple(T1, T2) if the ratio of the two
periods is a rational number, i.e.

• Let T ' = k1T1 = k2T2, and z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t),

• z(t + T ' ) = x1(t + k1T1) + x2(t + k2T2) = x1(t) + x2(t) = z(t)
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Steps to check periodicity of two
signals
Step 1: Compare each single signal with standard signal and find its
period T by doing T= 2π/ω

𝐹 𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙− →𝑇 1

𝐹 𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙−→ 𝑇 2

Step 2: The sum of two signals is periodic if it satisfies below condition

is a rational number Condition to be checked

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Given that x1(t) and x2(t) both are individually periodic

Step 1: Find the fundamental period of x1(t)

Step 2: Find the fundamental period of x2(t)

Step 3: Find the ratio T1 / T2

x(t) is periodic only if T1 / T2 is a rational number

SNS - Vidya Sawant

3. If we have x1(t) , x2(t) and x3(t) with period
T1= 4 ,T2= 1.25 and T3 = respectively
Check if x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) + x3(t)
is periodic or aperiodic

Therefore, x(t) is not a periodic signal

since T1 / T3 is not a rational number
SNS - Vidya Sawant
4. If we have x1(t) , x2(t) and x3(t) with period
T1= 1.08 ,T2= 3.6 and T3 = 2.025 respectively
Check if x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) + x3(t)
is periodic or aperiodic

Therefore, x(t) is a periodic signal

since ratios are rational number
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Period of DT signal
CT signal DT signal

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 cos ( 𝑤𝑡 +Φ ) 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] = 𝐴 cos
𝑁(
2π𝑛
)
+ Φ , 𝑛=0 , 1, 2 , … , 𝑁

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 cos ( 2 π 𝑓 𝑡 + Φ )
is the phase of the signal
N is the number of samples of the signal in one period
2π 1/N is the frequency of the samples
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 cos( t +Φ )
𝑇
is the phase of the signal
T is the Period of the signal
1/T is the frequency of the signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] = cos ( π𝑛
4 )
, 𝑛=0 , 1 , 2 ,… , 𝑁
= 1/8
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =cos
2π 𝑛
𝑁 ( )
, 𝑛=0 , 1 , 2, 3 …
Rational , hence periodic

Solving, N = 8  (i.e the signal has 8 samples per period)

Fundamental period of signal = 8

sec

SNS - Vidya Sawant

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] = cos ( 4π𝑛
21 )
, 𝑛=0 , 1 , 2, … , 𝑁

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =cos ( 𝜔 𝑛 ) ,𝑛=0 ,1 , 2 , 3 …

= 𝑁 =21

1
21 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓
𝑁

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Check if the given signal

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =sin( )

2 π𝑛
𝑁
= 1/8, Rational hence periodic

𝑁 =8
1
𝑓=
8

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Check if the given signal

x=

𝑁 =4
1
𝑓=
4

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Check if the given signal

2π
=8 π 1
𝑇 𝑇= 𝑠𝑒𝑐
4
𝑓 =4 𝐻𝑧

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Check if the given signal

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 1: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =sin ( 𝜔 𝑛 )

= 1/3 - rational, hence periodic

1
3 𝑓 1=
3 With period at
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 2 : 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] =cos ( 𝜔 𝑛 ) 3, 6, 12, 15, 18,…..

= 1
4 𝑓 2=
4
With period at
4, 8,12, 16, 20,…..
𝑇h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 12
SNS - Vidya Sawant
Based upon whatever taught
students should practice Numericals
from Text books

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Energy signal and Power signal

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Energy and Power Signal
• Energy is the total amount of work done (It is power which is
integrated over time)
Energy is watt-hours (Joules).

• Power is rate of doing at work (it is energy per unit of time)

Power is watts.

+∞
𝐸 = ∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
2
Total energy (of entire signal)
−∞

+𝑇
1
The total average power (of entire signal) 𝑃= lim
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇
∫ 𝑥2 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
−𝑇

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Energy signal and Power signal
(Basics)
Total Energy

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑡2

𝐸 =∫ 𝑝 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
Instantaneous Power 𝑡2 𝑡2
1
𝑝 (𝑡 )=𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) . 𝑖(𝑡 ) 𝐸= ∫ 𝑣 2( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 𝐸=𝑅 ∫ 𝑖2 (𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝑡 1 𝑡1
2
𝑣 (𝑡 ) 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑡 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 2
¿
𝑅 𝑡2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 1 1 2
2
𝑃=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑃= ∫
𝑡 2 −𝑡 1 𝑡 𝑅
𝑣 (𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
¿ 𝑖 (𝑡) 𝑅 1

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 We studied the following
1. Instantaneous power 2
𝑃 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑅

𝑡2
1
2. The average power in a given interval 𝑃= ∫
𝑡 2−𝑡1 𝑡
𝑖
2
( 𝑡 ) 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
(over one cycle of a signal) 1

+∞
𝐸 = ∫ 𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
2
3. Total energy (of entire signal)
−∞

+𝑇
1
4. The total average power (of entire signal) 𝑃= lim
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇
∫ 2
𝑖 (𝑡 ) 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
−𝑇

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Energy signal and Power signal

The total
The energy E and
total energy Total
E and average
Total Power
average Poweron
of aa per ohm
Signal basis are :
x (t):

+∞
+∞
𝐸=
𝐸 ∫=
¿ 𝑥 (𝑡 ∫
2
)∨¿ 𝑑𝑡𝑖¿2 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
−∞
− ∞

+𝑇 +𝑇
1 1 2
𝑃 lim
𝑃= = lim
𝑇𝑇→
𝑇→∞ 2
∫ ¿ 𝑥(𝑡 )∨¿
2 𝑇 −𝑇
∫
𝑑𝑡 ¿ 𝑖
2
( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
−𝑇 ∞

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Aperiodic signal
Usually ENERGY SIGNAL
𝑬 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆, 𝑷 =𝟎

Periodic signals
POWER SIGNAL
𝑬 =∞ , 𝑷 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑬 =∞ (𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑬 =𝑷 . 𝑻 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓 −→ ∞)

Unbounded amplitude , Unbounded time

𝑁𝑒𝑖𝑡h𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Energy signal and Power signal (CT
signals)
• For an arbitrary continuous time signal x(t) , the energy content E is defined as:
+∞
𝐸= ∫ ¿ 𝑥 (𝑡 )∨¿ 𝑑𝑡 ¿
2

−∞

• And power content of the signal x(t) is given as

+𝑇
1
𝑃= lim
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇
∫ ¿ 𝑥(𝑡 )∨¿ 𝑑𝑡 ¿
2

−𝑇

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Energy signal and Power signal (DT
Signals)
Similarly, for discrete time signal x[n] , the energy content E of the signal is
defined as:

+∞
𝐸= ∑ ¿𝑥(𝑛)∨¿ ¿ 2

𝑛=− ∞

Power content P of the signal x[n] is defined as:

+𝑁
1
𝑃= lim ∑
𝑁 →∞ 2𝑁 +1 𝑛=− 𝑁
2
¿ 𝑥(𝑛)∨¿ ¿
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Energy and Power Signals
(Classified based on following condition)

0 < E < ∞ and P = 0 P=0 and E = ∞

0 < P < ∞ and E = ∞ P= ∞ and E = ∞
Finite Energy value
ENERGY SIGNAL Finite Power value Neither Energy nor
Power SIGNAL Power SIGNAL

E=PxT E=PxT
E = finite P = finite
Over infinite time P = E/T = 0 Over infinite time E = ∞
+𝑇
1 1. Power of energy signal = 0
∫ lim ¿∫ ¿ 𝑥(𝑡 )∨¿ 𝑑𝑡 ¿
22
¿ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )∨ ¿ 𝑃=
𝑑𝑡 2. Energy of a power signal = ∞
∞ 𝑇 → ∞ 2 𝑇 −𝑇

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Note
1. All bounded periodic signals are power signals.

2. All Aperiodic signals are not necessarily energy signals

Example: Signal
𝐸=∞ , 𝑃=1 / 2
unit step Function is a
Power Signal.

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Guess if the given signal is a energy signal or
power signal

Periodic signal:
Bounded aperiodic signal: Power signal
Bounded aperiodic signal: Energy signal
Energy signal P = ½, E=∞
Un-bounded aperiodic signal:
𝐸=∞ , 𝑃=∞
𝑁𝑒𝑖𝑡h𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Bounded aperiodic signal:

Unit step is a Energy signal
Power signal E=1/2, P = 0
P = ½, E=∞

SNS - Vidya Sawant

Basic Concepts to be known for
numericals
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 : 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 h𝑎𝑠∨𝑥 ( 𝑡 )∨¿

• If you have a Complex number (i.e a signal having a j (imaginary) term:

| 𝐴|=√ 𝑥 2+ 𝑦 2
𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ( 𝐴 ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 ( 𝐴 )=𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
𝑥

Mod and angle of a complex number can be found by doing rectangular to polar
conversion on calculator.

Rectangular is for complex numbers

Polar gives the magnitude and phase of the complex number
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Find whether the given signal is a
energy signal or power signal

The given signal is periodic and hence it is a power signal

2 +𝑇
𝐴 (1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 )
lim 1 +𝑇 𝑃= lim
𝑇→∞ 2 𝑇
∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑃=
𝑇 →∞
2𝑇
∫¿𝑥 2
(𝑡 )∨ 𝑑𝑡 ❑ −𝑇 2
0
−𝑇

[∫ ]
+𝑇 +𝑇
𝐴2 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
𝑃 = lim 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 2 𝑇 −𝑇 2 −𝑇 2
lim 1 +𝑇
2
𝑃=
𝑇 →∞
2𝑇
∫ 2 2
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ❑
𝑃=
𝐴
−𝑇
2
The given signal x(t) is a power
SNS -signal
Vidya Sawantas it has a finite power
 Examples: (Energy and Power
Signal)
(1) Determine if the given signal is a energy or power signal?

The given signal is periodic and hence it is a power signal

lim 1 +𝑇 lim 1 +𝑇

𝑃=
𝑇 →∞
2𝑇
∫¿𝑥 2
(𝑡 )∨ 𝑑𝑡 ❑ 𝑃=
𝑇 → ∞
2𝑇
∫ 𝐴
2
¿¿¿
−𝑇 − 𝑇
0
2
lim 𝐴 +𝑇 +𝑇

lim 1 +𝑇
𝑃=
𝑇 →∞
4 𝑇
∫ 1. 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ ¿
−𝑇 −𝑇
𝑃=
𝑇 →∞
2𝑇
∫ 2 2
𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑤 𝑜 𝑡 + θ) 𝑑𝑡 ❑
−𝑇 2
𝐴
𝑃=
2
The given signal x(t) is a power signal
SNS - Vidya Sawant a as it has finite power
Note
• Symmetrical signal

+𝑇

∫ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=0
−𝑇

Sin(wt) Cos (wt)

Average of symmetrical signal is always 0

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Examples: (Energy and Power
Signal)
(2) Determine if the given signal is a energy or power signal?

Complex number
lim 1 +𝑇
|𝑥 ( 𝑡 )|=√( 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω 𝑜 𝑡 )
2 2
+( 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑜 𝑡 ) 𝑃=
𝑇 →∞
∫ ¿ 𝑥 2 (𝑡 )∨ 𝑑𝑡 ❑
2𝑇 −𝑇

lim 1 +𝑇

|𝑥 ( 𝑡 )|=√ 𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠¿¿❑ ω¿¿𝑜𝑡+𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω 𝑡)¿¿

2 2 2 ∫
𝑇 →∞ 2
𝑃= 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 ❑
2𝑇
❑ 𝑜 −𝑇

2
𝑃 = 𝐴 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
|𝑥 ( 𝑡 )|= 𝐴
SNS - Vidya Sawant
 Check if the given signal is a energy
or a power signal

The given signal is aperiodic and hence we first check if it is energy signal

The given signal x(t) is aSawant

SNS - Vidya energy signal
Note
• Unbounded signal are neither energy nor power signal

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 4

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Numericals on power and energy signals
practice from pdf – 2a (CT signal) 2b (DT signal)

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Causal and Non-causal Signals
• Causal signal - A signal is said to be causal if it is defined for t ≥ 0
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 <0

(signal that does not start from t < 0)

(right sided signal)

• Non-Causal Signal-A signal is said to be non-causal if it is defined for either t ≤ 0 or for both t < 0
and t ≥ 0
(signal that starts from t < 0) 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) ≠ 0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 <0
(right and left sided signal)

• Anti-causal Signal - When a non-causal signal is defined for only t ≤ 0 it is called as anticausal
(signal that exists only t < 0) 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) ≠ 0 , 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 < 0
(left sided signal)
SNS - Vidya Sawant
𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑁𝑜𝑛 −𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

SNS - Vidya Sawant
Causal or non-causal Signal
𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑁𝑜𝑛 −𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑛 −𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

Examples of causal and non-causal
signals
1. 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 , 𝑡 ≥ 0 −− −−→ 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

2 . 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) −− −−→ 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

3 . 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 : 𝑥 (𝑡 )= 𝐴 𝑒 𝑢 ( 𝑡 )−− −−→ 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑏𝑡

4 . 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 : 𝑥 (𝑡 )= 𝐴 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 𝑢 (𝑡 ) −− −−→ 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑏𝑡
5 . 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴 𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 −− −−→ 𝑁𝑜𝑛− 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

6 . 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗 𝜔 𝑡 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑡 −− −−→ 𝑁𝑜𝑛− 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑂 𝑛𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑛 −𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑢 (𝑡 ) 𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙

SNS - Vidya Sawant

 Examples:
7 . 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑢(𝑡 − 1) −− −−→ 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

8 . 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑢(𝑡 +3) −− −−→ 𝑁𝑜𝑛− 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

9. 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) =sin ⁡(𝑡 ) −− −−→ 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

10. 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= sin ( 𝑡 ) 𝑢(𝑡 ) −− −−→ 𝑁𝑜𝑛− 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑢 ( 𝑡 − 1 ) −− −−→ 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

−2 𝑡
1 1. 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )=𝑒

1 2. 𝑥 (𝑛 )=2 𝑢(− 𝑛) −− −−→ 𝑁𝑜𝑛− 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙∨ 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖− 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

1 3. 𝑥 (𝑡 )=𝑢 ( 𝑡 +2 ) −𝑢(𝑡 − 2) −− −−→ 𝑁𝑜𝑛− 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

SNS - Vidya Sawant