Computer

Software
Prepared By: Saksham Pandey
Kaushal Roy
Anusha Yadav
Aryan B. Rauniyar
Sumehera Pokhrel
Introduction
● A computer cannot perform any task without instructions.

● Such a set of instructions to carry out a specific task is known as a

program. A program tells a computer what to do and how to do it.

● The collection of programs is known as software. Software is a non-visible

part of the computer system which works together with hardware to
perform a variety of tasks.

● The software increases the capabilities of the hardware. Software are

categorized mainly into three types. They are:-
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software
System Software
● System software is the collection of programs that control and manage
the operation of computer.
● It provides an environment to develop and run application software.
● It controls all internal operations like reading data from input devices,
writing data into storage devices, transferring information to output
devices, etc.
● It takes care of hardware and other software of the computer.
● The system software are of two types. They are:-

1. Operating System
2. Language processor
Operating System
● The operating system is responsible for the management and functioning
of a computer.
● It is the special set of programs that allows the computer hardware to run
properly.
● It controls and manages the overall operation of a computer with the help
of a microprocessor.
● No application software can run without operating system software. It is
the basic requirement of a computer.
● The operating system in the computer works like an interface between a
user and application software.
Basic functions and Examples of
Operating System
Basic functions:- that may occur in the computer.
● It manages and controls Examples:-
input/output devices. ● MS-DOS
● Microsoft Windows XP
● It manages computer memory ● Microsoft Windows 7
(RAM and secondary storage
● Microsoft Windows 10
devices).
● Windows Server 2016
● It provides the environment to run ● Mac OS
other software like MS-Word, MS- ● Red Hat Linux UNIX
Excel, etc.

● It notifies the user about any faults

 Types of operating system
• The operating system may be:-
• Single User Operating system: Operating systems like MS-DOS,
Windows 7/8/10, etc. are single user operating systems. A computer
having a single user operating system can be used by only one
person at a time. The operating system MS-DOS allows the user to
perform one task at a time, whereas windows-based operating
systems like Windows 7/8, etc. allow the user to perform multiple
tasks at a time.

• Multi User Operating System: Multiuser operating systems, such

as Windows NT Server, Windows Server 2012/2016, UNIX, and others
allow multiple users to access and share the computer system at the
same time. These software are also known as network operating
system software.
CLI and GUI
● Command Line Interface (CLI): A CLI operating system like
MS-DOS of Novell Netware Server allows a user to interact with
the system through commands. The CLI is also known as the
Character User Interface. CUI is a text-based interface where
instructions are given to the computer by typing commands.
● Graphical User Interface (GUI): A GUI based operating system
allows a user to interact with the system through graphical
symbols or items. Users don't need to remember commands and
key combinations to perform tasks in the GUI environment. You
can open more than one program at a time and switch easily from
one program to another. Windows 7/8/10/11, Fedora 7, Ubuntu,
etc. are GUIs. When you turn on a computer having GUI OS the
OS is automatically loaded, and you see the desktop on the
 Concept of icon
• The small pictures or graphical symbols on the desktop are known as
icons. The icon represents a program, file, folder, or drive. Computer
icon, Personal System Folder icon, Recycle Bin icon, Network icon,
etc. are some important icons that you see on the desktop.
a) Computer Icon: The computer icon on the desktop is a useful icon
that displays the contents of a computer. It displays drives, folders,
and files of the computer. The table below shows related icons and
letters for
Drivedifferent drives:Icon Letter

Floppy disk drive A: or B:

Hard disk drive C:or D:

Optical disk drive D: or E:

Pen drive F:
b) Personal System Folder Icon: The Personal System
Folder contains many subfolders, like Contacts, Desktop,
Downloads, My Documents, Links, My Music, My Pictures,
Personal
My Videos, etc. System Folder
Icon

c) Recycle Bin Icon: When you delete files or folders from

the computer, they are not deleted permanently. They are
moved to the Recycle Bin folder. You can restore the files Recycle Bin
Icon
or folders from the Recycle Bin.

d) Network Icon: The Network icon allows you to access

shared resources on other computers. It displays shortcuts
to shared computers, printers, and other resources on the Network Icon
Taskbar
• A horizontal bar that appears at the bottom of the desktop is known
as the Taskbar. It can be placed on any side of the desktop. The Start
button on the Taskbar is the entry point in Windows.

• The taskbar displays all the opened drive, programs, and folder
buttons You can use these buttons to switch between the open
programs. To switch between applications, you simply click the
desired button on the Taskbar.

• SELECTING AND DESELECTING ICONS will be shown practically.

Arranging the icons
● You can arrange icons on the desktop according to name, size, item
type, or modified date. When you arrange icons on the desktop, it
makes easy to access the icons. Since the icons are in order, they look
better.
● To arrange the icons on the desktop, you need to follow these steps:
i. Right click on the blank area of the desktop. It displays the list of
options.
ii. Point to Sort by option.
iii. Click Name, Size, Item type or Date modified sub option. The
functions of the
Sub Option different sub options are listed in the table below:-
Function
Name Arrange icons in alphabetical order by the icon name
Size Arrange icons in order of file size.
Item Type Arrange icons in order of type. For example: pptx, docx, etc.
Date Modified Arrange icons in the order on the basis of modified date
Moving the icons
• You can also arrange the icons by dragging them and placing them
where you want on the desktop. You need to uncheck the 'Auto
Arrange' option before you drag and place an icon on the desktop. To
place an icon at any location on the desktop, follow these steps:
1. Right click on the blank area of the desktop.
2. Point to View and click on Auto arrange icons to uncheck.
3. Place the mouse over an icon which you want to move.
4. Click the left mouse button (but do not release button) and drag it to
a new location.
5. Release the mouse button.
Window and its Types
● A window is a frame or box on the screen. When you open a program,
a document, or a web browser on a computer, it appears on the
desktop inside a window. You can have more than one window on the
screen at a time.
● There are two types of windows. They are:-
1. Application Window: An application window displays the
executable program. An application window can be opened,
closed, resized, and moved around the Desktop.
2. Document Window: A document window appears inside an
application window. A document window is the area where you
work. You can have several documents open in one application
window.
 Windows Dialog Box and its GUI
•controls
A window dialog box is a rectangular box that appears temporarily to
inform a user about some message (such as a warning, error
message, etc.) or ask the user to provide some more information for
carrying out commands. Dialog boxes may contain the following GUI
controls:
1. Button: The button is a small rectangle box that activates an action.
The most commonly used command buttons are OK and CANCEL
buttons.
2. Check Box: The check box is a small square box that allows a user
to select one or more options from a list of options. When an option
is selected, an arrow mark appears besides it, and the corresponding
option becomes active.
3. List box: A list box is a rectangular box that displays a series of
options available in a column. You can select one or more options
from the list box. If the number of options is more than the height of
4. Text Box: A text box is the space where you can input text. The text
box may have text or may be blank when the dialog box opens.

5. Radio Button: A radio button is a small, round button that allows

you to choose only one option at a time from a list of options.

6. Combo box: A combo box is a combination of a text box and a list

box. A combo box holds a list of items, one of which you might be
asked to select.

7. Spin Button: A spin button functions like a gauge counter. It usually

has a number as its value. To enter the value, you need to type a
number in the box or click the up or down arrow. A spin button is
referred to by its label.

8. Tab sheets: Tab sheets display paper sheets like dialog boxes.
When you click on the tab sheet, it opens the corresponding dialog
Mouse pointer
● The mouse pointer displayed on the screen can be changed. It changes
according to location and operation. The different shapes of mouse
pointers are listed below:
Pointer shape Meaning Pointer shape Meaning

Pointing or selecting Resizing the window

horizontally

Help Resizing the window vertically

Processing an operation Moving object

Busy Selecting link

Insertion point or selecting the

text
Mouse Actions
• Using the mouse, you can select menus, commands, texts, or
windows on the screen. You can drag or move text from one location
to another. The table below describes the common mouse actions:

Mouse Actions Description

Click Pressing and releasing the mouse button.

Double click Clicking the left mouse button twice in quick

succession.
Drag and drop Clicking and holding the mouse button while
moving the mouse and then releasing the mouse
button.
Pointing Placing the mouse pointer over the object.
Basic terms
● File: Whatever data or instructions you input or information produced
by the computer can be stored on a drive with a name. The collection
of data, information, and programs stored on a secondary storage
device with a unique name is known as a File. Each file occupies a
space on the disk and is measured in byte or higher units of byte.
There may be many different types of files stored on the drive.
● Folder: Each program installed on a computer has many files. When
these files are scattered on the disk, it is difficult to find them. So, a
folder is used to manage files on the disk. A folder is a table of
contents that does not occupy space. A folder may have one or more
files and other folders in it.
Managing File(s) or
Folder(s) in windows
Environment

*The whole process will be shown

Practically.*
 Thanks!

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