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Thermal Behavior of Buildings

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4 views18 pages

Thermal Behavior of Buildings

Uploaded by

leah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 3

Thermal behavior of
buildings

By Dawit.N
A building can be considered as a thermal
system, with a series of heat inputs and
outputs.
The system can be depicted by the
following equation:

Where,
Solar control
The most significant energy input into a
building is solar radiation.
The first task in solar control is to determine
when solar radiation would be a welcome
input or when it should be excluded.
A device (shading mask) is to be found, which
covers the overheated period.
Shading design
External shading devices are the most
effective tools to control sun penetration.
There are three basic categories of shading
devices:
 Vertical devices,
 Horizontal devices and
 Egg-crate devices
Vertical devices
 These are characterized
by horizontal shadow
angles (HSA). e.g. vertical
louvers or projecting fins.
Horizontal devices
These are characterized by
a vertical shadow angle
(VSA). e.g. projecting
eaves, a horizontal canopy
or awning, or horizontal
louvers.
Egg-crate devices
Combinations of the
above two and cannot
be characterized by a
single angle. e.g.
concrete grille-blocks,
metal grilles.
procedure
 Draw a line across the centre of the sun-path diagram,

representing the plan of the opening considered.


 Mark on the sun-path diagram the period when

shading is desirable. (overheated period).


 Select a shading mask, or a combination of shading

masks which would cover this shading period,


calculating VSA and HSA from the following
expressions.
,

For a shadow angle


protractor
draw a semi-circle to the
same radius as the chart.
• Extend the vertical axis
downwards to give the
locus for the centers of all
VSA (vertical shadow
angle) arcs.
• For each chosen increment
of VSA find the
displacement of the centre
(dv) and the radius of the
arc: (rv):
Radiation calculations
The global irradiance (G) incident on a particular
surface consists of three components:
Gb -beam or direct component, reaching the surface
along a straight line from the sun (depends on the
angle of incidence);
Gd -diffuse component, i.e. the radiation scattered
by the atmosphere, thus arriving at the surface from
the whole of the sky hemisphere;
Gr -reflected component; if the surface is other than
horizontal, it may be reached by radiation reflected
from the ground or nearby surfaces;
G = Gb + Gd(+Gr).
Solar heat gain
The global irradiance incident on the surface
(G, in W/m2) must be known for two cases.
Transparent elements (windows): the solar
gain is the product of this G, the area of the
window and the solar gain factor (θ).
This is a decimal fraction indicating what
part of the incident radiation reaches the
interior.
 Some part of the incident
radiation is transmitted (τ),
 Some reflected (ρ) and
 the remainder is absorbed
(α) within the body of the
glass.
• The absorbed part will
heat up the glass, which
will emit some of this  The θ is the sum of the
heat to the outside, some inward re-emitted heat
of it to the inside, by re- and the direct
radiation and convection. transmission.
 Therefore the solar gain
τ+ρ+α=1
through a window is:
Opaque elements: The radiant heat input into
unit opaque area of a surface depends on its
absorptance (α).
Qin = G × α.
This heat input will elevate the surface
temperature (Ts), which will cause heat
dissipation to the environment.
The heat loss depends on the surface

conductance (h).

Qloss = h × (Ts − To)


As the surface temperature increases,
equilibrium will be reached when Qin
= Qloss
G × α = h × (Ts − To)
and then the temperature will stabilize From this
Ts =asTo
the Ts can be expressed +G×
α/h
For surfaces exposed to the sky (roofs) a radiant
emission term should be included in the sol–air
temperature expression: Ts = To + (G × α -
E)/h
and the radiant emission is usually taken as
between
thanks

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