GENERAL

BIOLOGY
PRESENTED BY:
Jorimocha, Fuertes, Donato, Minoza
 TOPIC I

GENERAL
CELL MODIFICATION
CELL
BIOLOGY
THAT LEADS TO CARRY
PRESENTED BY: OUT SPECIALIZED
FUNCTION
Jorimocha, Fuertes, Donato, Minoza
 TOPIC I

CELL MODIFICATION
is a process that occurs after cell
division where the newly formed cells
are structurally modified so that they
can perform their function efficiently
and effectively.
 TOPIC I

CELL MODIFICATION
This occurs when they have particular
adaptations to their structure to suit
their function.
TOPIC I

SPECIALIZED CELL
Examples:
Sperm Cell
Root Hair Cell
Red Blood Cell
 SPECIALIZED CELL
TOPIC I

Sperm Cell
It is also known as
Spermatozoon. Sperm cells
are produced in the testes.
It is small and streamlined,
allowing it to move easily,
and has a whip-like tail that
propels it.
 SPECIALIZED CELL
TOPIC I

Sperm Cell
The function of these cells
is to fertilize egg cells
during reproduction. They
contain half the number of
chromosomes as the other
in the body.
 SPECIALIZED CELL
TOPIC I

Red Blood Cell

It is also known as
Erythrocytes. Their small
size and ability to bend
allow them to easily
move through the body.
 SPECIALIZED CELL
TOPIC I

Root Hair Cell

 SPECIALIZED CELL
TOPIC I

Root Hair Cell

Root hair cells are

found in the roots of
plants and absorb
water for the plant
more efficiently.
 SPECIALIZED CELL
TOPIC I

Root Hair Cell

Root hair, or absorbent

hairs, are outgrowths of
epidermal cells,
specialized cells at the
tip of a root.
 SPECIALIZED CELL
TOPIC I

Root Hair Cell

It is also known as
Erythrocytes. Their small
size and ability to bend
allow them to easily
move through the body.
 TOPIC I

CELL MODIFICATION
Types:
Apical Modification (top)
Basal Modification (bottom)
Lateral Modification (sides)
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

Under the APICAL MODIFACTION are:

MICROVILLI CILIA STEREOCILIA FLAGELLA

 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

MICROVILLI
are microscopic cellular membrane
protrusions that increase the surface area for
diffusion and minimize any increase in volume,
and are involved in a wide variety of functions,
including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion,
and mechanotransduction.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
MICROVILLI
The tissue has small
fingerlike extensions called villi
which are collections of cells,
and those cells have many
microvilli to even further increase
the available surface area for the
digestion process.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

CILIA
Cillia are small hair-like protuberances on
the outside of eukaryotic cells. They are
primarily responsible for locomotion, either of
the cell itself or of fluids on the cell surface.
They are also involved in mechanoreception.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

CILIA

Cilia can be grouped

into two categories.

• Motile Cilia
• Non-Motile Cilia
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
STEREOCILIA
Stereocilia are non-motile
apical modifications of the cell. Long
microvilli that function in increasing
absorption. Found in sensory cells
in ear and male reproductive tract.
Does not have the true
characteristic of true cilia or flagella.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
STEREOCILIA
Stereocilia are the mechanosensing organelles of
hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous
types of animals for various functions, including
hearing and balance. They are about 10 – 50
micrometers in length and share some similar
features of microvilli.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
FLAGELLA
A flagellum is a microscopic hair-like organelle
used by cells and microorganisms for movement. The
flagellar structure consists of three different parts: rings
embedded in the basal body, a hook near the surface of
the organism to keep it in place, and the flagellar protein
filaments.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Apical Modification (top)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
FLAGELLA Four distinct types of bacterial
flagellum based on location:
Monotrichous: A single flagellum at one end of
the organism or the other.
Lophotrichous: Several flagellum on one end of
the organism or the other.
Amphitrichous: A single flagellum on both ends
of the organism.
Peritrichous: Several flagellum attached all over
the organism
 TOPIC I

CELL MODIFICATION
Types:
Apical Modification (top)
Basal Modification (bottom)
Lateral Modification (sides)
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Basal Modification (bottom)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
Under the BASAL MODIFACTION
are:

• Basal Infoldings
• Hemidesmosome
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Basal Modification (bottom)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

• Basal Infoldings
Often found in epithelium that are known to
transport fluid (kidney). Very important in
epithelial polarization and stability. Support the
epithelium and also functions as a passive
molecular sieve or ultra filter.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type:  Basal Modification (bottom)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

• Hemidesmosome
Hemidesmosomes are very small stud-like
structures found in keratinocytes of the
epidermis of skin that attach to the
extracellular matrix. These are found in
epithelial cells connecting the basal epithelial
cells to the lamina lucida.
 TOPIC I

CELL MODIFICATION
Types:
Apical Modification (top)
Basal Modification (bottom)
Lateral Modification (sides)
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type: Lateral Modification (sides)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS

Under the LATERAL MODIFACTION are:

• Tight Junctions (Zonula
Occludens)
• Adhering Junctions (Zonula
Adherens)
• Desmosome (Macula
Adherens)
• Gap
Junctions
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type: Lateral Modification (sides)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
• Tight Junctions (Zonula
Tight junctions are areas
Occludens)
where the membranes of two
adjacent cells join together to
form a barrier. The cell
membranes are connected by
strands of transmembrane
proteins such as claudins and
occludins.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type: Lateral Modification (sides)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
• Adhering Junctions (Zonula Adherens)
Adhering junctions are
protein complexes that occur
at cell–cell junctions in
epithelial and endothelial
tissues usually more basal
than tight junctions.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type: Lateral Modification (sides)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
• Desmosome (Macula Adherens)
Desmosomes are a type
of anchoring junction in
animal tissues that connect
adjacent cells. Anchoring
junctions are button-like spots
found all around cells that
bind adjacent cells together.
 CELL MODIFICATION
TOPIC I
Type: Lateral Modification (sides)
STRUCTURE, LOCATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
• Gap Junctions
Gap junctions are a type
of cell junction in which
adjacent cells are connected
through protein channels.
These channels connect the
cytoplasm of each cell and allow molecules, ions, and
electrical signals to pass between them. Gap junctions
make cells chemically or electrically coupled.
 TOPIC I

GENERAL CELL MODIFICATION

Types:
BIOLOGY
Apical Modification (top)
Basal Modification (bottom)
PRESENTED BY:
Jorimocha, Fuertes, Donato, Minoza

Lateral Modification (sides)

 GENERAL
BIOLOGY
PRESENTED BY:
Jorimocha, Fuertes, Donato, Minoza

TOPIC I
TOPIC II
 GENERAL
Cell Cycle and
BIOLOGY
their control
points
PRESENTED BY:
Jorimocha, Fuertes, Donato, Minoza
Cell Cycle
It is the series of
events that occur
in a cell to prepare
cell division and to
reproduce two new
daughter cells
Cell Cycle
Phases of cell
cycle include two
major activities:

• Interphase
• M-Phase
(Mitotic Phase)
 Cell Cycle
• Interphase

Interphase is the
longest part of t he
cell cycle, where
the cell is at rest
and not dividing.
 Cell Cycle
• Interphase

Has 3 sub-stages:
• G1 Phase
(Gap Phase/ Growth 1 Phase)
• S Phase
(Synthesis phase)
• G2 Phase
(Gap Phase/ Growth 2 Phase)
 Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Checkpoints

The cell cycle has built-in

checkpoints to make sure
everything is going well
before the cell moves to
the next stage. Every
phase has a check point.
Cell Cycle
G1 Checkpoint
(Before S Phase):

It checks the following:

• Cell size
• Nutrients
• DNA Integrity
• Molecular Signals
 Cell Cycle
G2 Checkpoint
(Before M Phase):

It checks the following:

• DNA Integrity: Is the DNA
still undamaged?
• DNA Replication: Did the
cell copy its DNA correctly
during S phase?
 Cell Cycle
Spindle Checkpoint
(Before M Phase):
This checkpoint ensures that
all the chromosomes are
properly attached to the
spindle fibers before the cell
divides.
 Cell Cycle
M-Phase
(Mitotic Phase)
It is also known as spindle
assembly checkpoint(SAC). It
is a crucial regulatory
mechanism in cell division.
 GENERAL
BIOLOGY
PRESENTED BY:
Jorimocha, Fuertes, Donato, Minoza

TOPIC I
TOPIC II