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DNA Structure PPT RNA 1

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49 views26 pages

DNA Structure PPT RNA 1

Uploaded by

sh3y
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA Structure
DNA consists of two molecules that are
arranged into a ladder-like structure
called a Double Helix.

A molecule of DNA is made up of millions


of tiny subunits called Nucleotides.

Each nucleotide consists of:


1. Phosphate group
2. Pentose sugar
3. Nitrogenous base
Nucleotides

Phosphat
e
Nitrogeno
us
Base
Pentos
e
Sugar
Nucleotides
The phosphate and sugar form the
backbone of the DNA molecule,
whereas the bases form the “rungs”.

There are four types of nitrogenous


bases.
Nucleotides
A T

Adenine Thymine

C G

Cytosine Guanine
Nucleotides
Each base will only bond with one
other specific base.

Adenine (A)
Form a base
Thymine (T)
pair.

Cytosine (C)
Form a base
Guanine (G)
pair.
Base-Pair Rule
Adenine <==> Thymine

Guanine <==> Cytosine

The sides of the DNA


ladder are phosphate &
sugar held together by
hydrogen bonds
DNA Structure
Because of this complementary base
pairing, the order of the bases in one
strand determines the order of the
bases in the other strand.
A T

C
G

T A

C
G

A T

G C

T A
Base Pair Rule
One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G

Other side:
DNA Structure
To crack the genetic code found in
DNA we need to look at the sequence
of bases.

The bases are arranged in triplets


called codons.

AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG
TCC-GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC
DNA Structure
A gene is a section of DNA that codes
for a protein.

Each unique gene has a unique


sequence of bases.

This unique sequence of bases will code


for the production of a unique protein.

It is these proteins and combination of


proteins that give us a unique
phenotype.
How the Code Works
The combination of A,T,G,C determines what
traits you might have, for ex.

C A T C A T = purple hair

T A C T A C = yellow hair
Think of the bases of DNA like
letters.

Letters form words....

Words form sentences....

*endless
combinations
The structure of DNA is
often described as a "double
helix," which refers to the two
strands of nucleotides that
twist around each other to
form a ladder-like shape.
DNA is a molecule that
contains the instructions for an
organism's development and
characteristics. It is found in
the nucleus of cells and is
made up of four different types
of nucleotides: Adenine (A),
thymine (T), guanine (G), and
cytosine (C).
These nucleotides are
arranged in a specific
sequence that determines the
genetic code.
The nucleotides on each
strand are complementary to
each other, meaning that A
always pairs with T, and G
always pairs with C.
Types of RNA Structure:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information
from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers specific amino acids to
the ribosome during protein synthesis.
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms the core structure of
ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
4. Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA): Involved in processing
mRNA before it leaves the nucleus.
5. Small Interfering RNA (siRNA): Regulates gene
expression by silencing specific genes.
6. MicroRNA (miRNA): Regulates gene expression by
inhibiting translation or causing mRNA degradation.
7. Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA): Has various regulatory
roles, including gene expression control and chromatin
modification.
Functions of RNA:

1. Protein Synthesis: mRNA serves as a template for


protein synthesis, with tRNA and rRNA playing crucial
roles in the process.
2. Gene Regulation: miRNAs, siRNAs, and lncRNAs regulate
gene expression through various mechanisms.
3. Catalysis: Some RNA molecules, called ribozymes, can
catalyze specific chemical reactions.
4. Sensing and Signaling: Certain RNA molecules can sense
environmental cues and trigger cellular responses.
5. Structural Roles: rRNA forms the structural framework
of ribosomes, and other RNA molecules can contribute to
the architecture of cellular organelles.
Let's Review What We Know
About DNA
1. DNA stands for: De _____ ribo ______ acid
2. What is the shape of DNA? _______________
3. Adenine always pairs with _______________
4. The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____
5. Guanine always pairs with _____________
6. What is the complimentary sequence: A A T G C A
7. The two sides of DNA are held together by _______
bonds.
8. DNA is composed of repeating subunits called
______________________
9. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA
ladder? _______________________________________

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