Information and

Communication
COMPUTE Technology
Ma’am Algin B.
R Jacinto
Algin Tino-Bagiw
Jacinto
 What is
computer?
A computer is a machine
that accepts data and
processes the data into
useful and relevant
information. The
computer then stores
the information that can
be retrieved later.
 What is
computer?
A computer is an
electronic machine that
accepts information
(DATA), processes it
according to specific
instructions, and
provides the results as
new information.
History of
Computer
Computer
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Tally sticks
A tally stick was an
ancient memory
aid device to
record and
document
numbers,
quantities, or even
 Abacus
• An abacus is a
mechanical device used
to aid an individual in
performing arithmetic
calculations.
• It was invented in
Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form
we are familiar with was
first used in China in
around 500 B.C.
Napier’s Bones
Invented by John
Napier in 1614.
Allowed the operator
to multiply, divide and
calculate square and
cube roots by moving
the rods around and
placing them in
specially constructed
Slide Rule
• Invented by William
Oughtred in 1622
• Based on Napier’s
idea about
logarithms.
• Used primarily for
multiplication,
division, roots,
logarithm,
trigonometry.
• Not normally used for
 Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal
in 1642
• A device that could
perform addition and
subtraction using a series
of gears and dials.
• It was a significant step
toward automating
mathematical
computations.
Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by
Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz in 1672
• The machine that
can add, subtract,
multiply and
divide
automatically.
 Jacquard Loom
• A mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881
• It is an automatic loom
controlled by punched cards.
• A Jacquard loom is a weaving
device that revolutionized textile
production in the early 1800s. It
incorporated interchangeable
punched cards to control
individual warp yarns. By
automating complex patterns
such as tapestry, brocade, and
damask, it paved the way for
modern computing operations
Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator
invented by Thomas de
Colmar, 1820
• The first reliable, useful
and commercially
successful calculating
machine.
• The machine could
perform the four basic
mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced
calculating machine
 Difference
Engine and
Analytical
Engine
• An automatic,
mechanical
calculator designed t
tabulate polynomial
functions.
• Invented by Charles
Babbage(Father of
Modern Computer) in
1822 and 1834
Ada Lovelace
• The first computer
programmer
• In 1840, Ada Lovelace
also known as
Augusta Ada Byron
suggests to Babbage
that he use the binary
system.
• She writes programs
for the Analytical
Engine.
Scheutzian
Calculation
Engine
• Invented by Per
Georg Scheutz in
1843
• Base on Charles
Babbage’s
difference engine
• The first printing
calculator
Tabulating
machine
• Invented By Herman
Hollerith. The tabulating
machine was an
electromechanical
invention designed by
Herman Hollerith to assist
in summarizing
information stored on
punched cards.
• It played a crucial role in
processing data for the
1890 U.S. Census
 Z1
• The first programmable
computer
• Created by Konrad
Zuse in Germany from
1936 to 1938
• the first freely
programmable
computer that utilized
Boolean logic and
binary floating-point
numbers.
 Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC)
• The ABC was the first automatic
electronic digital computer.
• Designed by John Vincent Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry in 1937
• Unlike modern computers, the ABC
was not programmable; its purpose
was to solve systems of linear
equations.
• The ABC utilized over 300 vacuum
tubes for its operation.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It
pioneered the concept of an
electronic ALU, which is now
integral to all modern processors.
Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM
Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
(ASCC)
• Invented by Howard
H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-
mechanical computer
 ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer
• ENIAC was the first
programmable, electronic,
general-purpose digital
computer, completed in 1945.
• It was designed by John Mauchly
and J. Presper Eckert to
calculate artillery firing tables
for the United States Army’s
Ballistic Research Laboratory.
• Incorporating vacuum tubes,
ENIAC operated at a speed
approximately one thousand
times faster than electro-
UNIVAC I
• Universal Automatic Computer I
• The UNIVAC I was the first
general-purpose electronic
digital computer designed for
business applications in the
United States.
• It was principally designed by J.
Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly, who were also the
inventors of the ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer).
• The UNIVAC I gained
widespread public attention due
to its televised prediction of the
 EDVAC
• Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic
Computer
• The EDVAC was designed
by John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert (1944), the
same inventors behind
the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer).
• EDVAC was binary rather
than decimal and
designed to be a stored-
Osborne 1
• the first commercially
successful portable
computer.
• Released on April 3,
1981, by Osborne
Computer Corporation,
this suitcase-sized
“luggable” system
weighed in at 24.5
pounds (11.1 kg) and
ran the CP/M 2.2
operating system.
Electronic Controls
Company

• The first
computer
company
• Founded in 1949
by J. Presper
Eckert and John
Mauchly
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
1. First Generation Computers (1940-
1956)
2. Second Generation Computers (1956-
1963)
3. Third Generation Computers (1964-
1971)
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-
Present)
First Generation Computers (1940-
1956):
• Key Technology: Vacuum Tubes.
• Magnetic Drums: Used for memory
• Punched Cards and Tapes: For input and output
functions.
• Description: These early computers relied on fragile
glass vacuum tubes. They were massive, power-hungry
machines that filled entire rooms. Examples include the
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
and the UNIVAC I.
• They could handle only one problem at a time.
• Fun Fact: ENIAC had over 17,000 vacuum tubes and
weighed about 30 tons! Imagine the electricity bill for
ENIAC
Vacuum tubes
Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963)
• Key Technology: Transistors.
• Description: Transistors replaced
vacuum tubes, making computers
smaller, more reliable, and energy-
efficient. These machines were still
room-sized but marked significant
progress. The IBM 1401 is a notable
example.
Transistors
Third Generation Computers (1964-
1971)
• Key Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs).
• Description: ICs packed multiple transistors onto a single chip.
Computers became smaller, faster, and more accessible. The IBM
System/360 series exemplified this era.
• ICs contained thousands of miniaturized transistors, resistors, and
capacitors on a single chip.
• Smaller in Size: They could fit on a desk rather than filling entire
rooms.
• Reliable: ICs improved overall reliability.
• Efficient: Less heat generation and lower maintenance.
• Cost-Effective: Despite being more expensive than earlier models,
they were cost-effective in the long run.
• Programming Languages: High-level programming languages like
BASIC, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, COBOL, and FORTRAN-II were used.
• Punch cards were replaced by mouse and keyboards.
Integrated Circuits (IC)
Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-Present)
• Key Technology: Microprocessors.
• They introduced microprocessors and VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integrated) circuits.
• Description: Microprocessors integrated CPU, memory, and other
components on a single chip.
• Microprocessors are made up of thousands of integrated circuits on a
single silicon chip.
• Compact: Fourth-gen computers were smaller and more space-
efficient.
• Affordable: VLSI technology made them cost-effective.
• Personal computers (PCs) emerged, like the Apple II and IBM PC. The
Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor.
• Fun Fact: The Osborne 1, our first portable computer, belongs to this
generation!
Personal Computers (PCs): IBM’s development of the first PC marked a
major milestone.
Supercomputers: Cray-1 and other supercomputers also belong to this
Microprocessors
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
• Key Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• AI-driven systems, neural networks are shaping this era such as
voice assistants, self-driving cars, and advanced robotics.
• The fifth generation of computers aims to be faster, more powerful,
and more intelligent than any of their predecessors. Their primary
goal is to create machines that can learn and organize themselves
using AI
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Fifth-gen computers leverage AI
techniques for tasks like natural language understanding, pattern
recognition, and decision-making.
• Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Circuits: These tiny circuits
pack an incredible amount of computing power onto a single chip.
• Parallel Processing: They handle multiple tasks simultaneously,
improving efficiency and performance.
 First Second Third Fourth Fifth
Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation
Microprocessor Microprocessor
Integrated Very Large Scale Ultra Large-
Vacuum Tubes Transistor
Circuit (IC) Integrated (VLSI) Scale Integration
circuits. (ULSI) Circuits
still room-sized
massive, power- Could fit on a Personal Personal
but smaller that
hungry desk computers computers
in First Gen.
Mouse and
Punched Cards Punched Cards Mouse and Mouse and Keyboard
and Tapes and Tapes keyboard Keyboard Artificial
Intelligence
Used high-level Used high-level Used high-level
programming programming programming
languages languages languages
Artificial
Intelligence
 Types of
computers
Supercomputer
• Extremely expensive and powerful, used
for complex simulations, scientific
research, weather forecasting, graphics,
nuclear energy research and other data
analysis.
• Handles massive calculations.
• An extremely fast computer which can
execute hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.
Examples: IBM Blue Gene/P, Cray-1.
Frontier: Currently the most powerful
supercomputer
CDC 6600-
the first
supercomputer
- designed by
Seymour Cray
Mainframe Computer:
• Large, powerful machines used by
organizations for critical applications.
• Mainframe is a very large in size and is an
expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds or even thousand or users
simultaneously.
• Handles high volumes of data and
transactions.
Examples: IBM System z, UNIVAC 1108.
IBM z16
Server:
• Provides functionality for clients
(other computers or devices).
• Manages network resources,
databases, and websites.
Examples: Web servers, database
servers.
Minicomputer
• Smaller than mainframes but larger than
personal computers.
• They are sometimes called mid-range
computers and are designed to meet the
computing needs for several people
simultaneously in a small to medium size
business environment.
• Used for scientific research, industrial
control, and data processing.
Examples: DEC PDP-11, VAX series.
DEC PDP-11
Micro computers
• Desktop computer – a
personal computer
designed to be in a
stationary location where all
of its components fit on or
under a desk or table.
• Laptops
Personal Computer (PC)
• Designed for individual
use.
Includes desktops and
laptops.
• Runs operating systems
like Windows or macOS.
• Examples: IBM PC, Apple
iMac.
Yoga 9i 2-in-1 (14", Gen 9)
Embedded Computer
• Found in everyday devices
(e.g., appliances, cars,
medical equipment).
• Specialized for specific
tasks.
• Examples: IoT devices,
smart appliances.
In-vehicle embedded computers
Wearable Computer
• Worn on the body (e.g.,
smartwatches, fitness
trackers).
• Integrates computing and
communication.
• Examples: Apple Watch, Fitbit.
Apple Watch Ultra
Terminals
• A Computer usually with limited processing power
that enables users to send data or receive
information from a server, or host computer.
• Looks like a desktop but has limited capabilities
and components
• Most retail stores use a POS terminal to record
purchase, process credit or debit cards and update
inventory
• An ATM(Automated teller machine) is a self-service
banking terminal that connects to a host computer
through a network.
Point of Sale Machine
Automated Teller Machine
 Assignment
Activity
On an A4 bond paper, draw or
paste a picture of every
component of a
microcomputer. List each
component's definition and
function. Ten components at
least.
Thank you

ALGIN B. JACINTO
Algin Tino-Bagiw
Jacinto