C++ Programming

Problem Solving and

Programming

Chapter 2
Input Output
 iostream header file

🠶 Use iostream to extract (receive) data from

keyboard and send output to the screen
🠶 iostream has two standard variables
🠶 cin - stands for common input
🠶 cout - stands for common output
🠶 To use cin and cout, the preprocessor
directive #include <iostream> must be
used
 cin >>

cout <<
Input ( cin , get , getline )
 cin and Extraction Operator >>
🠶 Input received from keyboard
🠶 Note: cin skips the whitespace characters like
spaces(‘ ’), newlines(‘\n’), tabs(‘\t’), etc.
🠶 Syntax: cin>> variable1 >> variable2 ...;
e.g. cin>>payRate;
cin>>hoursWorked;
OR
// more than 1 input
cin>>payRate>>hoursWorked;
Input Data Type
 cin and get Function
Scenario 1:
char ch1, ch2;
int num;
Input : A 25
Statement : cin>>ch1>>ch2>>num;
⇒ Reads ‘A’ into ch1, ‘2’ into ch2, 5 into num
⇒ Blank space was not read
 cin and get Function
🠶 The get function
🠶 Read next character (including blank space)
🠶 The syntax of cin and get function combined:
cin.get(variable);
🠶 Example:
Input : A 25
Statements: cin.get(ch1);
cin.get(ch2);
cin>>num;
=> Read ‘A’ into ch1, blank space into ch2 ,
25 into num
 cin and get Function
Scenario 2:
char gender;
int age;

cout << “Enter age: ”;

cin >> age;
cout << “Enter gender: ”;
cin >> gender;
cout << "Age is " << age << endl;
cout << "Gender is " << gender << endl;
 cin and get Function
Scenario 3:
char gender;
int age;

cout << “Enter age: ”;

cin >> age;
cout << “Enter gender: ”; cin.get(..) reads the
‘\n’ character left
cin.get(gender); behind by the
previous cin in the
cout << "Age is " << age << endl;
memory buffer
cout << "Gender is " << gender << endl;
 cin and get Function
Scenario 3:
cin.ignore() is used
char gender; to skip (ignore)
leftover character in
int age; the memory buffer.
cout << “Enterage:Note:
”; Can use
cin.get() also
cin >> age;
cin.ignore();
cout << “Enter gender: ”;
cin.get(gender);
cout << "Age is " << age << endl;
cout << "Gender is " << gender << endl;
 cin and getline Function
🠶 The difference of reading strings of these
functions
🠶 cin can only read single word, it stops
before whitespace character is detected
🠶 getline(cin, <string variable>) can read
the whole string before the newline
character is detected
 cin and getline Function
Scenario 1:
string name;
char gender;

cout << "Enter name: ";

First cin reads only the
cin >> name; first word of name,
cout << "Enter gender: "; second cin reads first
character of second word
cin >> gender; after skipping a space
cout << "Name is " << name << endl;
cout << "Gender is " << gender << endl;
 cin and getline Function
Scenario 2:
string name;
char gender;

cout << "Enter name: ";

getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter gender: ";
cin >> gender;
cout << "Name is " << name << endl;
cout << "Gender is " << gender << endl;
 Input Failure
🠶 Things can go wrong during execution
✔If input data does not match the
corresponding variables, the program
may run into problems
✔Read a letter into an int or double
variable
✔Program continue to run but result is
not correct
 Input Failure - Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int num1, num2, total=0;

cout<<“Enter num1 = “;
cin>>num1;

cout<<“Enter num2 = “;
cin>>num2;

total = num1 + num2;

cout<<“Total = “<<total<<endl;

return 0;
}
Output ( cout )
 cout and insertion operator <<
🠶 Output sent to screen for display
🠶 Syntax: cout<<expression/manipulator
<<expression/
manipulator...;
🠶 Example
⮚ cout << “I am 18!”;
⮚ cout << “I am " << “18!";
⮚ cout << “I am ";
cout << “18!";
⮚ int age = 18;
 The endl Manipulator
🠶 You can use the endl manipulator to start a
new line of output. This will produce two
lines of output:

cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";

Programming is
fun!
 The \n Escape Sequence
🠶 You can also use the \n escape sequence to
start a new line of output. This will produce
two lines of output:

cout << "Programming is\n";

cout << "fun!";

Programming is
fun!
 Formatting Output by Manipulator

🠶 Two types of manipulators:

🠶 Parameterized (With parameters)
🠶 Nonparameterized (Without parameters)

✔ Parameterized: use iomanip header file

- setw(n), setprecision(n), and setfill(ch)
✔ Nonparameterized: use iostream header file
- endl, fixed, showpoint, left and right
 The setw(n) Manipulator
🠶 set the width for the output using n columns
🠶 If the width / number of columns exceeds the
number of columns required by the output
🠶 Output will be right-justified
🠶 Unused columns to the left are filled with
spaces
The setw(n) Manipulator -
Example
 The setfill(ch) Manipulator
🠶 Used to fill the unused columns with a
character other than a space
🠶 Note: ch = character
 The setfill(ch) Manipulator -
Example
#include <iostream>
cout << setfill(' ');
#include <iomanip>
cout << setw(5) << x <<
using namespace std; setw(7) << y
int main( ) { << setw(8) << "End" <<
endl << endl;
int x = 22, y = 8899;
return 0;
}
cout << "12345678901234567890" <<
endl;
cout << setw(5) << x << setw(7) << y
<< setw(8) << "End" << endl;

cout << setfill('-');

cout << setw(5) << x << setw(7) << y
<< setw(8) << "End" << endl;

cout << setw(5) << x << setw(7) <<

setfill(‘$')
<< y << setw(8) << "End" <<
 The setprecision(n) Manipulator
🠶 Display floating-point value up to n significant
digits
🠶 Display floating-point value up to n decimal
places when it is used with fixed manipulator
🠶 Use the following statement to disable the fixed
manipulator:
cout.unsetf(ios::fixed);
 The setprecision(n) Manipulator
- Example
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {
double num = 5.6789;
cout << num << endl;
cout << setprecision(4) << num << endl;
cout << setprecision(3) << num << endl;
cout << setprecision(2) << num << endl;
cout << setprecision(1) << num << endl;
return 0;
 The fixed Manipulator - Example
:
int main( ) {
double num = 5.6789;
cout << num << endl << endl;

cout << fixed;

cout << "With fixed manipulatior" << endl;
cout << setprecision(3) << num << endl;
cout << setprecision(2) << num << endl << endl;

cout.unsetf(ios::fixed);
cout << "Without fixed manipulatior" << endl;
cout << setprecision(3) << num << endl;
cout << setprecision(2) << num << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
 The showpoint Manipulator
🠶 Causes a decimal point and trailing zeroes to be displayed,
even if there is no fractional part

Example:
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {

double x= 123.4, y = 456.0;

cout << setprecision(6) << x << endl;

cout << y << endl << endl;

return 0;
}
The showpoint Manipulator -
Example
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {

double x= 123.4, y = 456.0;

cout << setprecision(6) << showpoint << x << endl;

cout << y << endl<< endl;

return 0;
}
The left & right Manipulator
🠶 Output is right justified by default
🠶 cout<<left;
✔to left justify the output
✔disable left by using - cout.unsetf(ios::left);
🠶 cout<<right;
✔to right justify the output
 The left & right Manipulator -
: Example
int main( ) {
double x = 123.456, y = 78.9, z = 0.321;

cout << "1234567890" << endl << endl;

cout << setw(10) << x << endl;
cout << setw(10) << y << endl;
cout << setw(10) << z << endl;

cout << left << endl;

cout << setw(10) << x << endl;
cout << setw(10) << y << endl;
cout << setw(10) << z << endl << endl;

cout.unsetf(ios::left); // Or Use cout << right

cout << setw(10) << x << endl;
cout << setw(10) << y << endl;
cout << setw(10) << z << endl;
:
 Other I/O Manipulators
🠶 showpoint - display decimal point and trailing zeros
🠶 noshowpoint - drop decimal point and trailing zeros
🠶 showpos - prints a ‘+’ sign for positive no.
🠶 noshowpos - prints no ‘+’ sign for positive no.
🠶 scientific - output as scientific notation
🠶 dec - displays subsequent no. in decimal format
🠶 hex - inputs or outputs in hexadecimal format
🠶 oct – inputs or outputs in octal format
 Other I/O Manipulators -
Examples
🠶 fixed or scientific
double n=123.2345;
cout << n << endl;
cout << fixed << n << endl;
cout << scientific << n << endl;
cout << fixed << setprecision(4) << n << endl;
123.234
123.234500
1.232345e+002
123.2345
 Other I/O Manipulators -
Examples
🠶 showpoint & showpos
double n=123;
cout << n << endl; 123

cout << showpoint << n << endl; 123.000

cout << noshowpoint << n << endl; 123
cout << fixed << n << endl; 123.000000
cout << showpos << n << endl; +123.000000
cout << noshowpos << n << endl; 123.000000
 Other I/O Manipulators -
Examples
🠶 dec, octal, hex
cout << "Enter hexadecimal no: ";
cin >> hex >> n; Enter hexadecimal no: 12
cout << n << endl; 18
cout << dec << n << endl; 18
cout << oct << n << endl; 22
cout << n << endl; 22
cout << dec << n << endl; 18
cout << hex << n << endl; 12
 Exercise
Generate the following output:

Note: Declare meaningful variable

Staff ID : 1234
names for each of the figures
Dept Code : 99 shown
Year : 2010
Hint : Use manipulators setw(n),
setprecision(n), setfill(ch), fixed,
Annual Salary (RM) left, right
--------------------------
Income : 65000.00
Bonus : 195000.00
Minus: Insurance : 2000
Income Tax : 18000
-------------------------
Total Net Income : * * * * 240000.00

13 spaces