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Physical Science Lesson 1 Stem

Physical Science

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Abigail Santos
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93 views59 pages

Physical Science Lesson 1 Stem

Physical Science

Uploaded by

Abigail Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physical

Science
Table of contents
01 HOW THE ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE
UNIVERSE WERE FORMED

02 HOW THE IDEA OF THE ATOM, ALONG WITH


THE IDEA OF THE ELEMENTS EVOLVED

03 HOW THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER RELATE


TO THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE:
Table of contents
04 HOW CHEMICAL CHANGES TAKE PLACE

HOW CHEMISTRY CONTRIBUTES TO THE


5&6 UNDERSTANDING OF HOUSEHOLD AND
PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS
HOW WE COME TO REALIZE THAT THE
7&8
EARTH IS NOT THE CENTER OF THE
UNIVERSE.
Table of contents
9&10
WHY WE BELIEVE THAT THE LAWS OF
PHYSICS ARE UNIVERSAL
HOW LIGHT ACTS AS A WAVE AND A
11 PARTICLE.
HOW PHYSICS HELPS US UNDERSTAND THE
COSMOS
Formation of
Light Elements
in the Early
Universe
(Bigbang Nucleosynthesis)
Learning Objective:
Give evidence for and explain the formation
of the light elements in the Big Bang theory;

Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium


Big Bang Theory
The big bang is how astronomers explain the
way the universe began. It is the idea that
the universe began as just a single point,
then expanded and stretched to grow as
large as it is right now—and it is still
stretching!
q q

q
q

q q

After the expand the universe


is filled with quarks.
q q

q q
q
q
p+ n

Quarts combine to form protons


and neutrons
p+
p+ n

n
n p+

When the Big Bang happen the


temperature increase that
cause the protons and neutron
to be destroyed.
p+ n
p+ n
n p+

After the Big Bang happen the


temperature decrease that
cause the protons and neutron
to combined.
p+ n
p+ n
n p+

Hydrogen Lithium
Helium Beryllium

Proton and neutron combine


and able to form light elements
through the process call Big
Bang nucleosynthesis.
What is Bigbang
Neucleosynthesis?
Nucleosynthesis is the process that
creates new atomic nuclei from pre-
existing nucleons and nuclei. According
to current theories, the first nuclei were
formed a few minutes after the Big Bang,
through nuclear reactions in a process
called Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
The identity of
an atom comes
from the
number of
protons in its
Nucleus
HYDROGEN ISOTOPE
HYDROGEN ISOTOPE

Atoms with the same number of


protons but different numbers of
neutrons are called isotopes.
What will be the element that
will be formed?
How many protons are there? 4
What will be the element that
will be formed?
Since Beryllium and Lithium are
heavier they need a lot of energy to
able to form compare to Hydrogen
and Helium.
What are the dominant
elements in the
universe?
75% Hydrogen
25% Helium
Light from distant galaxies
are from glowing elements
which emits spectra of a
particular
frequencies primarily
hydrogen and helium
Universe
Cools Down
Unable to
Combine
No other
light
elements
Thank you for
listening
How do the
heavier
elements formed
?
Formation of
Heavier Elements
During Star
Formation and
Evolution
(Stellar Nucleosynthesis)
Learning Objective:
At the end of the lesson the
students are able to :
- give evidence for and describe the
formation of heavier elements
during star formation and evolution;
and
- write the nuclear fusion reactions
that take place in stars, which lead
After the expansion of the Universe the vast
clouds and dust (NEBULA) start to collapsed.
The gravity pulled the clouds and dust together
creating a PROTOSTAR.
The pressure and temperature in the center rise
that nuclear fusion to occur which is called
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS.
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS – is the process by
which elements are formed within the star as a
result of nuclear fusion.

NUCLEAR FUSION – the process where multiple


nuclei joined together to form a heavier nucleus .
Stars are primarily composed
of hydrogen

The first fusion occurs at the


hydrogen core of the star
THE SUN

15 million
Kelvin
MAIN BRANCH PROTON-PROTON
CHAIN

DEUTERIUM BURNING
MAIN BRANCH PROTON-PROTON
CHAIN
Our SUN is around 4.5 to 5
billion year old.

Nuclear fusion produce


tremendous amount of light,
heat and radio active
Hydrogen Shell

He
Temperature increase to 100 kelvin
The pressure will push
outward that can make a
start to become a red giant
2
1. Triple Alpha Process
1. Triple Alpha Process
2. Carbon Fusion Cycle or
CNO cycle
2. Carbon Fusion Cycle or
CNO cycle
A A
L L
P P
H H
A A

L L
A A
D D
D D
E E
R R
Formation of
Heavier Elements
than IRON (Fe)
UNTIL IT COLLAPSED

STARS KEEP GROWING


UNTIL IT UNABLES TO
PUSH AGAINST THE
GRAVITY
PLANETARY
NEBULA

SUPER NOVA
SUPER NOVA

RELEASES TREMENDOUS ENERGY THAT


ENABLE TO FORM ELEMENTS HEAVIER
THAN IRON
Always remember
you are a
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