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Lecture 5 QM1

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51 views6 pages

Lecture 5 QM1

Uploaded by

sanjanamooli77
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics formulation

PREVIOUS CLASSES
Distinction between four mechanics
Limitation of quantification of length
Introduction to need of quantum mechanics
Why does QUANTUM MECHANICS developed?
Needs of Planck’s constant and its formulation
Observation of Black Body radiation and failure of classical mechanics to understand it
Planck’s explanation of black body radiation.
Failure of classical formulation to explain some other experimental results

Formulation
Quantum mechanical postulates
Hilbert space
An inner product on a complex linear space X is a map
(.,.):XX→C
x, y, z ϵ X and C
i. x, (y + z) = (x , y) +
ii. (y , z) = (z , y) Hermitian symmetric
iii. (x , x) 0 (non-negative)
iv. (z , z) = 0 if and only if z = 0
A Hilbert space is a complete inner product space .
| → Ket vector
| → Bra vector
| real quantity
Projection of | to x (x)
Projection of | to r (r)
Postulates of Quantum mechanics
1. At each instant the state of a physical system is
represented by a ket | in the space of states.
| = | + | <φ| *=???
Superposition of two states is a state.
2. Every observable attribute of a physical system is described
by an operator that acts on the ket that describe that
system.
=
and , =
3. The only possible result of the measurement of an
observable A is one of the eigenvalues of the corresponding
operator
Observable is one of the possible states
4. When a measurement of an observable A is made on a generic
state | , the probability of obtaining the state is normalized.

=1
| =1
|=
| = Probability amplitude
|
5. Immediately after the measurement of an observable A
has yielded a vector , the state of the system is the
normalized eigenstate .
If |ψ> and |an> are both normalized to unity, then the measurement
process replaces |ψ> by |an>, not by |<an|ψ>|2 ・ |an>
6. The time evolution of a quantum system preserves the
normalization of the associated ket. The time evolution of the
state of a quantum system is described by
| = for some unitary operator .
this postulate requires |ψ> to obey a differential
equation of the form (ih/2π)(d/dt)|ψ(t)> = H|ψ(t)>
H-> Hermitian operator
Two different types of bases .
a) Denumerable countable
States can be put into one-to-one correspondence with
the integers.
{|n>}, n = 1,2,3,…..
ex- harmonic oscillator
b) Non-denumerable
The elements of the basis can not be counted, denoted |
z>, z ranges .
ex- eigen states of position and momentum.

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