7 - Discrete Mathematics
7 - Discrete Mathematics
by:
Assume p
From p derive q.
1) Direct Proof (Example)
1) Direct Proof (Example)
• Show that even + odd = odd
1) Direct Proof (Practice
Example)
Proof by Contraposition:
Let p --- “3n + 2” is odd; q --- “n is odd”; we want to show that p q
• The contraposition of our theorem is ¬q ¬p
n is even 3n + 2 is even
• Now we can use a direct proof
• Assume ¬q , i.e, n is even therefore n = 2 k for some k
• Therefore 3 n + 2 = 3 (2k) + 2 = 6 k + 2 = 2 (3k + 1) which is even.
2) Proof by Contraposition
(Practice Example)
3) Proof by Contradiction
A – We want to prove p.
We show that:
(1) ¬p F (i.e., ¬p leads to a False statement or contradiction,
say r ¬r)
(2) We conclude that ¬p is false since (1) is True,
and therefore p is True.
B – We want to show p q
(2) Assume the negation of the conclusion, i.e., ¬q
(3) Use show that (p ¬q) F (i.e., (p ¬q) leads to a False statement
or contradiction)
(3) Since ((p ¬q ) F) (p q)
Example 1: Proof by Contradiction
proof.
6) Existence Proofs
There are two types of existence proofs.
1. Constructive
The proof is given by finding an element such that 𝑃(𝑎) is true.
2. Nonconstructive
Someone shows that an element 𝑎 such that 𝑃(𝑎) is true must exist but does
not tell us what that element is. One method that could be used here is a proof
by contradiction. We show that the negation of an existence quantifier implies a
contradiction.
Constructive Proof of Existence
Constructive Proof of Existence
(Example)
Nonconstructive Proof of
Existence
• A non-constructive existence proof is a
mathematical proof that establishes the
existence of an object without providing an
explicit method or algorithm for finding or
constructing that object.
• Proof: there are two people in the world who
have the same birthday
Common Mistakes in Proofs
Proof Strategy
Proof Strategy: Forward
Reasoning