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SQL Functions

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urvashi gohil
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11 views

SQL Functions

Uploaded by

urvashi gohil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Functions

1.Aggregate Functions:
Aggregate functions operate on a set of values and return a single value as the result.
Examples of aggregate functions include SUM, COUNT, AVG, MIN, and MAX.
Example Query:
SELECT SUM(sales_amount) AS total_sales
FROM sales_table;

SELECT AVG(salary) AS average_salary


FROM employees;

2. Character Functions:
Character functions manipulate character data, such as strings. Examples of character
functions include CONCAT, LENGTH, UPPER, LOWER, and SUBSTRING.
Example Query:

SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name


FROM employees;
3. Arithmetic Functions:
Arithmetic functions perform mathematical operations on numeric data. Examples of
arithmetic functions include ADDITION (+), SUBTRACTION (-), MULTIPLICATION (*), and
DIVISION (/).
SELECT (quantity * price) AS total_cost
FROM order_details;

4.Date Functions:
Date functions manipulate and perform operations on date and time values.
Examples of date functions include DATE, EXTRACT, DATEADD, and DATEDIFF.
SELECT DATEADD(MONTH, 3, order_date) AS future_date
FROM orders;

5.Conversion Functions:
Conversion functions convert data from one type to another. Examples of conversion
functions include CAST, CONVERT, and TO_CHAR.
SELECT CAST(order_id AS VARCHAR) AS order_id_str
FROM orders;
Table-1: Order
| order_id | customer_id | order_date |
|----------|-------------|------------|
|1 | 101 | 2022-05-15 |
|2 | 102 | 2022-06-20 |
|3 | 103 | 2022-07-05 |

Table-2: Customer
| customer_id | customer_name | city |
|-------------|---------------|------------|
| 101 | John Doe | New York |
| 102 | Jane Smith | Los Angeles|
| 103 | David Johnson | Chicago |
1.Logical Operators (AND / OR):
SELECT * FROM customers
WHERE age > 25 AND city = 'New York';

SELECT * FROM products


WHERE category = 'Electronics' OR price < 500;

2.Relational Operators:
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE salary >= 50000;

SELECT * FROM orders


WHERE order_date < '2023-01-01’;

3. BETWEEN Predicate:
SELECT * FROM products
WHERE price BETWEEN 10 AND 50;

SELECT * FROM orders


WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-06-30’;
4.IN and NOT IN Predicates:
SELECT * FROM customers
WHERE country IN ('USA', 'Canada');

SELECT * FROM products


WHERE category NOT IN ('Clothing', 'Shoes’);

5. LIKE Predicate:
SELECT * FROM employees
WHERE first_name LIKE 'J%';

SELECT * FROM customers


WHERE email LIKE '%gmail.com';
IS NULL
The IS NULL command is used to test for empty values (NULL values).
The following SQL lists all customers with a NULL value in the "Address" field:

SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address


FROM Customers
WHERE Address IS NULL;

IS NOT NULL
The IS NOT NULL command is used to test for non-empty values (NOT NULL values).
The following SQL lists all customers with a value in the "Address" field

SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address


FROM Customers
WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;
The following SQL creates a CHECK constraint on the "Age" column when the "Persons"
table is created. The CHECK constraint ensures that you can not have any person below
18 year

CREATE TABLE Persons (


Age number,
CHECK (Age>=18)
);

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