Organizations structure

Emtinan Salem Madi 3168

 01
Define organization structure
and list its types ?
An organization is a group of people that is structured and managed to
meet its mission or set of group goals. “Structured” means that there
are defined relationships between members of the organization and
their various activities, and that processes are defined that assign
roles, responsibilities, and authority to complete the various activities.
In many cases, the processes are automated using well-defined
information systems.
Organizations are considered to be open systems, meaning that they
affect and are affected by their surrounding environment
Traditional Organizational Structure : A traditional organizational
structure, also called a hierarchical structure, is like a managerial pyramid where the
hierarchy of decision making and authority flows from the strategic management at
the top down to operational management and non management employees.

Project and Team Organizational Structures : is centred on major

products or services , each line is produced by a separate unit

Virtual Organizational Structure and Collaborative Work : employs

individuals, groups, or complete business units in geographically dispersed areas
that can last for a few weeks or years, often requiring telecommunications or the
Internet.
 02
Explain value
chain ?
The value chain
is a series (chain) of activities that an organization performs to transform inputs into
outputs in such a way that the value of the input is increased. An organization may have
many value chains, and different organizations in different industries will have different
value chains.

supply chain
is a key value chain whose primary activities include inbound logistics, operations,
outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service
 03
Define compititive
advantages against
competitors ?
_To stay competitive, organizations must occasionally make fundamental changes in the
way they do business. In other words, they must innovate and change the activities,
tasks, or processes they use to achieve their goals.

Creating new products and services: Introduce new products and services
periodically or frequently. This strategy always helps a firm gain a competitive advantage,
especially for the computer industry and other high-tech businesses.

Cost leadership: Deliver the lowest possible cost for products and services. Wal-Mart
and other discount retailers have used this strategy for years.
Differentiation: Deliver different products and services.

Niche strategy: Deliver to only a small, niche market. Porsche, for example,
doesn’t produce inexpensive station wagons or large sedans.
Altering the industry structure: Change the industry to become more favourable
to the company or organization.

Improving existing product lines and services : Make real or perceived

improvements to existing product lines and services.
 04
List and Describe
innovation ,
reengineering ,
continuous
improvement ,
outsourcing , offshoring ,
continuous improvement :
In contrast to reengineering, the idea of continuous improvement is a form of innovation
that constantly seeks ways to improve business processes and add value to products and
services. This continual change will increase customer satisfaction and loyalty and ensure
long-term profitability.

Reengineering :
Reengineering, also called process redesign and business process reengineering (BPR), involves the
radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the
organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results. Successful reengineering can reduce
delivery time, increase product and service quality, enhance customer satisfaction, and increase
revenues and profitability

Innovation is the application of new ideas to the products, processes, and activities of a
firm, leading to increased value. Innovation is the catalyst for the growth and success of any
organization. It can build and sustain profits, create new challenges for the competition, and
provide added value for customers.
Innovation and change are absolutely required in today’s highly competitive global
Outsourcing :
Outsourcing is a long-term business arrangement in which a company contracts for services
with an outside organization that has expertise in providing a specific function.
Organizations often outsource a process so they can focus more closely on their core
business—and target their limited resources to meet strategic goals.

Downsizing :
Downsizing, a term frequently associated with outsourcing, involves reducing the number
of employees to cut costs.

offshoring:
is an outsourcing arrangement in which the organization providing the service is located in
a country different from the firm obtaining the services.
 05
Talk about different roles ,
functions , type and
careers availabel of feild
of information systems
strategies ?
carrers :
Chief Information Officer
The role of the chief information officer (CIO) is to employ an IS department’s
equipment and personnel to help the organization attain its goals. CIOs also
understand the importance of finance, accounting, and return on investment.
Senior IS Managers
A large organization may have several people employed in senior IS manage levels with job titles such as vice
president of information systems, man of information systems, and chief technology officer (CTO). A central role of
all these people is to communicate with other areas of the organization to determine changing business needs.

Operations Roles
The operations group is responsible for the day-to-day running of IS hardware to process the organization’s
information systems workload
Data center manager. Data center managers are responsible for the maintenance and operation of the
organization’s computing facilities that
System operator. System operators run and maintain IS equipment. They are responsible for efficiently starting,
stopping, and correctly operating
Information systems security analyst: IS security analysts are responsible for maintaining the security and
integrity of their organizations’ systems and data
LAN administrator : Local area network (LAN) administrators set up and manage network hardware, software, and
security processes. They manage the addition of new users, software, and devices to the network. They also isolate
and fix operations problems
Development Roles
The development group is responsible for implementing the new information
systems required to support the organization’s existing and future business
needs.
Software developer: These individuals are involved in writing the software that
customers and employees use. This includes testing and debugging the software
as well as maintaining and upgrading software after it is released for operation
Systems analyst: Systems analysts frequently consult with management and
users, and they convey system requirements to software developers and network
architects
Programmer: Programmers convert a program design developed by a systems
analyst or software developer into one of many computer languages.
To do this, they must write, debug, and test the program to ensure that it will
operate in a way that it will meet the users’ needs.
Web developers: These professionals design and maintain Web sites, including
site layout and function, to meet the client’s requirements. The creative side of
the job includes creating a user-friendly design, ensuring easy navigation,
organizing content, and integrating graphics and audio
Support
The support group provides customer service for the
employees, customers, and business partners who rely on the
firm’s information systems and service to accomplish their
work.
Database administrator: Database administrators (DBAs)
design and setup databases to meet an organization’s needs.
DBAs ensure that the data Bases operate efficiently, and they
perform fine
tuning, upgrading, and testing modifications as needed
System support specialist: These skilled specialists respond
to telephone calls, electronic mail, and other inquiries from
computer users regarding hardware, software, networking, or
strategies
A set of overlapping elements that work
together to systematically collect,
process, store and distribute available
information on a topic to support
decision-making, support organization,
control and analysis of the organization
and build a clear current and future
perception of the subject matter.
 REFERENCE
principles of information systems