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Exception Handling

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15 views14 pages

Exception Handling

Uploaded by

P S k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXCEPTION

HANDLING
What is an exception:
 An exception is an error condition

during a program execution.


 An error or a warning event is called

an exceptions.
What is exception handling?
 The mechanism for solving such an

exceptions is called exception


handling.
 PL/SQL supports programmers to catch
such condition using exceptions block
in the program and an appropriate
action is taken against the error
condition.

 Types of exception:
 1. Pre-defined /System-defined

Exceptions
 2. User- Defined Exceptions
System-defined exceptions/Predefine
exceptions/Built-in exceptions:
 System defined exception are defined and

maintained implicitly by the oracle server.


 These exceptions are mainly defined in

the oracle STANDARD package.


 System defined exceptions are thrown by

default.
 For example, the predefined exception

NO_DATA_FOUND is raised when a


SELECT INTO statement returns no rows.
The following table lists few of the
important pre-defined exceptions
Syntax for Predefined Exception
Handling:
The general syntax for exception handling is as
follows.
DECLARE
<declarations section>
BEGIN
<executable command(s)>
EXCEPTION
<exception handling goes here >
WHEN exception1 THEN
exception1-handling-statements
WHEN exception2 THEN
exception2-handling-statements
WHEN exception3 THEN
exception3-handling-statements
........
WHEN others THEN
exception3-handling-statements
END;
USER DEFINED EXCEPTIONS:
 User defined Exceptions are raised
exlicitly in the body of the PL/SQL block.
 The developers can build their own

exceptions and use them for handling


errors.
 They can be created in the declaration

part of a subprogram.
 PL/SQL allow us to define our own

exception according to the need of our


program.
 A user defined exception must be

declared and then raised explicitly.


 Syntax for User defined Exception:

DECLARE
exception_name
EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
IF condition THEN
RAISE exception_name;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception_name
THEN statement;
END;
CURSORS
 A cursor is a pointer to this context area.
PL/SQL controls the context area through a
cursor.
 A cursor is a temporary work area created in

system memory when a SQL statement is


executed.
 A cursor is a set of rows together with a

pointer that identifies a current row. It is a


database object to retrieve data from a
result set one row at a time.
 It is useful when we want to manipulate
the record of a table in a singleton
method, in other words one row at a
time.
 In other words, a cursor can hold more than
one row, but can process only one row at a
time.
 The set of rows the cursor holds is called the

active set.
Each cursor contains the followings 4
steps-
1. Declare Cursor: In this part we declare
variables and return a set of values.
2. Open: This is the entering part of the cursor.
3. Fetch: Used to retrieve the data row by row
from a cursor.
4. Close: This is an exit part of the cursor and
used to close a cursor.
Example:

Declare
enumemp.eno%type;
enemp.ename%type;
Cursor cur is select eno, ename from emp where
jobname = “mgr”;
Begin
Open cur;
Loop Fetch cur into enum,en;
Exit when cur%NOTFOUND;
Dbms_output.put_line(„emp num ‟||enum||‟ emp
name „||en);
End loop;
Close cur;
End;
/
Each There are two types of cursors:
1.Implicit cursors
2.Explicit cursors

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