Newtons Laws

Grade 11 Physical Science

Forces:
• A Force is a Physical Quantity that can change the Shape or state of
motion of an object
• There are 2 types of Forces
• Non-Contact Forces: Forces exerted over a field ( Not in contact )
• Eg Magnetic field Force, Electric Field Force , Gravitational Field Force
• Contact Forces : Force exerted when objects are in contact
• Eg Friction , Tension, applied , Normal
Types of Forces
Forces

• Contact Forces • Non-Contact Forces

• ( Objects in contact) • ( Exerted over a Field)
• Applied Forces • Gravitational Force
• Normal Force • Electrostatic Force
• Friction • Magnetic Force
• Tension
Components of vectors

• A vector acting at an angle relative to a surface can be broken up into a vector

that acts perpendicular to a surface and a vector that acts parallel to that
surface

𝐹 𝑎𝑦
𝐹𝑎 =cosθ

Ɵ 𝐹 𝑎𝑥 =θ
M
 Calculating Fnet using components
North +ve
• Step 2 : Resolve F2 into components
East +ve = 20N
= 15N • F2x= F2 cos 50
• = 15 cos 50 = 9.64 N west
• F2 y = F2 sin 50
𝐹 • =15 sin 50 = 11.49 N North
𝐹 2𝑦
1𝑦

0 0
50 60
𝐹 2𝑥 𝐹 1𝑥

Calculate the resultant of F1 and F2

• Step 1 : Resolve F1 into components
• F1x= F1 cos 60
• = 20 cos 60 = 10 N east
• F1 y = F1 sin 60
• =20 sin 60 = 17.32 N North
Calculating Fnet using components
𝐹
𝐹2 𝑦 1𝑦 • Step 3 : Calculate Resultant X component() and
Resultant Y component(() – Vector addition
• = + = 10 + (-9.64) = 0.46 N East
𝐹 2𝑥
𝐹 1𝑥
• = + = 17.32 + 11.49 = 28.81 N North

• Draw tail to head and Calc Fnet using trig

𝐹 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =28.81 N
• = + = (0.42 + (28.81

θ
• = 28.81 N

= 0.42N • Tan 𝛉 = =

• 𝛉= =

• Therefore Fnet = 28.81 N above positive x axis

 Triangle of Forces
• If 3 forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, then if they are drawn
tail to head, they will form a triangle.
Fb Fa
Keep 1 , slide 1 and transfer 1

0
𝜃𝐵 0
𝜃𝐴
A Fb
Fc
C

B Fa

Fc
= =
 Triangle of forces
Three forces F1, F2 and F3 act from the same point and
F2 =30N F1 = 33.19N are in equilibrium.
0 1. Calculate the magnitude of force F3 using the
55 55
0 0
65 triangle of forces method.
0 0
25 35 2. Use component Method to Calc F3

1. =
2. Sum of vertical forces = 0
• = • F3 = +

F3 • F3 = • F3 = F1 sin 35 + F2 sin 25
• F3 = 33.19 sin 35 + 30 sin 25
• F3 = • F3 = 31.72 N Down
F2 =30N • F3 = 31.72 N Down
0
65
F3 0
60
0
55
F1 = 33.19N
Normal force (FN)
The normal force is the perpendicular force
exerted on by a surface on an object in contact
with it . NOTE:
FN = −Fg only if
there are no
other
forces/componen
ts along the y-
axis
Normal force (FN)
If alternative forces act on the object, the
normal force will change depending on the
direction and magnitude of the applied force.
Normal force (FN)
Objects suspended from a rope/string/cable
have no normal force, as there is no surface on
which the object rests.
NOTE:
No surface,
∴ No FN & No Ff
Friction (Ff or fs/fk)
The friction force is the force that opposes the motion
of an object in contact with it .
Static friction Kinetic friction
(fs) (fk)
Frictional force on a Frictional force on a
stationary object that moving object that
opposes the opposes the motion of
tendency of motion the object
of the object.
Friction (Ff or fs/fk) NB Static friction is
greater than kinetic
friction because there
are tiny ridges between
surfaces

fsmax is the
magnitude of
friction when the
object just starts to
move.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object continues in a state of rest or
uniform (moving with constant) velocity
unless it is acted upon by a net or
resultant force.

Newton’s First Law is due to inertia- the

resistance of an object to change its state of
rest of motion.
 Components of weight on an incline
plane FN ( Normal Force) • This diagram shows how the
weight is divided in the 2
𝐹 𝑔𝑦
θ Θ represents the angle
components and

of the incline
•
Fg
= sin Θ
𝐹 𝑔𝑥
= cos Θ
•

θ If no other forces act

•
𝐹 𝑔𝑥 •
perpendicular to the
𝐹 𝑔𝑦 incline, then is equal in
magnitude to the
Normal Force
Fg
• Weight (Fg) is a force that always acts vertically downwards.
• When an object is on an incline the weight of the object is divided
into 2 components.
• which acts parallel to the surface of the incline and down the
incline.
• which acts perpendicular to the surface and pushes the mass into
the incline
Newton’s First Law of Motion
A 3kg object moves up an incline surface at an angle
of 15º with a constant velocity. The coefficient of
friction is 0,35. Determine the magnitude of the
applied force.
Take downwards as positive
Newton’s First Law of Motion
A 3kg object moves up an incline surface at an angle
of 15º with a constant velocity. The coefficient of
friction is 0,35. Determine the magnitude of the
applied force.

Fnett// = 0
FA + Fg// + fk = 0
FA = − Fg// − fk
FA = − mgsin𝜃 − µFN
FA = − (3)(9,8)sin(15) − (0,35)(28,40)

FA = −17,55 N
FA = 17,55 N
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
When a net force is applied to an object of
mass, it accelerates in the direction of the
net force. The acceleration is directly
proportional to the net force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.

Newton’s Second Law is dependent on the

resultant force-The vector sum of all forces acting
on the same object.
Horizontal (Pulled at an angle)

The vertical resultant = 0N

The horizontal resultant determines acceleration

Horizontal: Vertical:
Slopes
Force applied up slope
The perpendicular resultant = 0N
The parallel resultant determines acceleration
REMEMBER: Use components of gravity
Parallel:

Perpendicular:
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
A 20N force is applied to
a 5kg object. The object
accelerates up a
frictionless incline surface
at an angle of 15º.
Determine the
acceleration of the object.
Take upwards as
positive
Suspended
Lift Accelerating
Horizontal resultant = 0N
Vertical resultant determines acceleration
REMEMBER: No normal or friction forces

Vertical:

NOTE:
No surface,
∴ No FN & No Ff
Same axis
Attached by rope/cable
• Draw free-body diagrams for each object
• The velocity and acceleration of all objects are equal
• Simultaneous equations sometimes needed

NOTE:
Ropes/cables- The
tension on the objects
are the same in
magnitude but opposite
Horizontal: in direction Horizontal:
Same axis
In contact

NOTE:
Touching objects-
Newton’s Third Law
Horizontal: Horizontal:
Multiple axes

Horizontal (objects on a surface) AND vertical

(suspended objects)
The velocity and acceleration of all objects are equal in
magnitude NOT DIRECTION

Clockwise: Anti-
Right positive clockwise:
Down positive Left positive
Left negative Up positive
Up negative Right
negative
Down
Multiple axes

Horizontal: Vertical: Vertical:

Multiple axes

Horizontal: Horizontal: Vertical:

Newton’s Third Law of Motion
When object A exerts a force on object B,
object B simultaneously exerts an
oppositely directed force of equal
magnitude on object A.
Newton’s Third Law describes action-reaction
force pairs. These are forces on different objects
and can not be added or subtracted
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Force pairs properties:

• Equal in magnitude
NOTE:
• Opposite in direction
• Acts on different objects
Gravity and Normal
force are NOT force
pairs.