Gases

General Chemistry 1
 What is Gas?

◈ Gases are composed of

widely separated particles
(molecules in most cases,
atoms in some) that in
constant random motion.
◈ Gases flow readily and
occupy the entire volume of
their container, regardless of
its shape.
 What is Gas?

◈Unlike a liquid or solid, in

which molecules or
atoms are already quite
close to one another, a
gas is easily compressed
because of its widely
separated particles.
 Introduction to Kinetic Molecular
Theory

◈Propose in the mid-

nineteenth century.
◈It provides a model for
gases at the microscopic
level that explains its
physical properties.
 Introduction to Kinetic Molecular
Theory
◈The molecules of a gas
are in such rapid motion
that they seem to defy
the force of gravity.
◈It is not possible to
predict, for any given
molecule, its speed,
direction, or energy.
 Introduction to Kinetic Molecular
Theory

◈This theory also explains

temperature as the
measure of the average
translational kinetic
energy of the molecules
of a sample of matter.
 Pressure

◈The force exerted by

molecules per unit area
is defined as pressure.
◈Pressure, force per unit
area. (N/m2)
◈The SI unit for pressure is
Pa (pascal)
 Relationship between various units
for pressure
◈1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 Torr
◈1 atm =101,325 Pa = 101.325
kPa
◈1 atm = 29.921 in. Hg
◈1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 1013.25
mb
◈1 atm = 14.696 lb/in.2 = 14.696
psi
 Problem 1

◈A Canadian weather report gives the

atmospheric pressure as 100.2 kPa. What is
the pressure expressed in the unit torr?
 Problem 2

◈What is the pressure in kPa and in

atmosphere, if a force of 100 N is exerted
on an area of 5.00 cm2?
 Activity: Carry out the following
conversions of pressure units. (3
minutes)

A. 0.947 atm to mmHg

B. 98.2 kPa to Torr
C. 29.95 in. Hg to Torr
D. 768 Torr to atm
 Activity 2: Carry out the following
conversions between pressure units (7-
minutes)
A. 0.943 atm to Torr
B. 767 Torr to atm
C. 698 mmHg to kPa
D. 33.5 lb/in.2 to mmHg
E. 1.87 atm to Torr
F. 748 Torr to mmHg
G. 996 mb to kPa
H. 26.88 in. Hg to atm
 Manometer
(Sample Problem)

A. Calculate the pressure exerted by a

column of mercury (d = 13.6 g/cm3) that is
760 mm high.
 Manometer

B. Calculate the pressure exerted by a

column of water that is (1.0 g/cm3) that is
870 mm high.
 Manometer

C. Calculate the height of a column of carbon

tetrachloride, CCl4 (d = 1.59 g/cm3), that
exerts the same pressure as a column of
mercury (d = 13.6 g/cm3) 760 mm high.
 Manometer

D. A diver reaches a depth of 30.0 m. What

is the pressure in atmospheres that is
exerted by this depth of water? What is the
total pressure the diver experiences at this
depth?
 Manometer

E. Using the concept

of barometric
pressure, explain how
we can draw fluid
using straw in an
illustration?
 Gas Laws

◈ We use four variables to

specify a sample of gas in
calculations: its amount in
moles (n), its volume (V), its
temperature (T), and its
pressure (P)
 Boyle’s Law

◈ Established by Robert Boyle

in 1662
◈ ”For a fixed amount of gas at
a constant temperature, the
volume of the gas varies
inversely with its pressure.”
Boyle’s Law
 Problem

A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure

of 40 atm. What is the volume when the
pressure is increased to 60 atm?
 Sample Problem

◈A helium-filled party balloon has a volume of

4.50 L at sea level, where the atmospheric
pressure is 0.8 atm. Assuming that the
temperature remains constant, what will be the
volume of the balloon when it is taken to a
mountain resort at an altitude of 2500 m, where
the atmospheric pressure is 0.5 atm?
 Problem

◈A sample of helium occupies 535 mL at 1.5

atm and 25 °C. If the sample is transferred
to a 1.05-L flask at the same temperature,
what will be the gas pressure in the flask?
 Problem

◈
 Problem

A sample of Xenon is held at a

constant temperature and occupies
882 mL at 752 Torr. Determine the
volume of the Xenon at (a) 719 Torr
(b) 1.38 atm (c) 125 kPa.
 Charles’s Law

◈ Established by Jacques
Charles studied the
relationship between the
volume and temperature.
◈ ”For a fixed amount of gas at
a constant pressure, the
volume of the gas varies
directly with its temperature
(K).”
 Charles’s Law

◈ Established by Jacques
Charles studied the
relationship between the
volume and temperature.
◈ ”For a fixed amount of gas at
a constant pressure, the
volume of the gas varies
directly with its temperature
(K).”
 Sample problem

A balloon indoors, where the temperature is

27 °C, has a volume of 2.00 L. What will be
its volume be outdoors, where the
temperature is -23 °C? (Assume no change
in gas pressure)
 Problem

A sample of hydrogen gas occupies 692 L at

602 °C. If the pressure is held constant, what
volume will the gas occupy after cooling to
23 °C
 Problem

A gas at a temperature of 99.8 °C occupies a

volume of 641 mL. What will be the volume
be at a temperature of 5.0 °C, assuming no
change in pressure.
 Problem

A 32.3 L sample of a gas at 305 °C and 1.20

atm is to be cooled at constant pressure
until its volume becomes 28.4 L. What will
be the new gas temperature?
 Gay-Lusaac’s Law

◈ Proposed by Joseph Gay-Lusaac that

established the relationship
between pressure of a gas and its
absolute temperature.
◈ ”For a fixed amount of gas at a
constant volume, the pressure of
the gas varies directly with its
temperature (K).””
 Gay-Lusaac’s Law

◈ Proposed by Joseph Gay-Lusaac that

established the relationship
between pressure of a gas and its
absolute temperature.
◈ ”For a fixed amount of gas at a
constant volume, the pressure of
the gas varies directly with its
temperature (K).””
Gay-Lusaac’s Law
 Sample Problem

◈A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a rigid, metal

container at 20.0 °C is placed inside an oven
whose temperature is 50.0 °C. The pressure
inside the container at 20.0 °C was at 3.00 atm.
What is the pressure of the nitrogen after its
temperature is increased to 50.0 °C?
 Problem

◈Aerosol containers often carry the warning that

they should not be heated. Suppose an aerosol
container was filled with a gas at 2.5 atm and
22 °C. If there is the possibility that the
container may rupture if the pressure exceeds
at 8.0 atm, at what temperature is rupture likely
to occur?
 Problem

◈Determine the pressure when a constant

volume of gas at 1.00 atm is heated from 20.0
°C to 30.0 °C
 Problem

◈If a gas is cooled from 323.0 K to 273.15 K and

the volume is kept constant. What final pressure
would result if the original pressure was 750.0
mmHg?
 Problem

◈If a gas in a closed container is pressurized from

15.0 atm to 16 atm and its original temperature
was 25.0 °C, what would the final temperature
of the gas be in degrees Celsius?
 Avogadro’s Law

◈ In 1811, Amedeo Avogadro

proposed an important hypothesis
to explain some observation about
the ratios in which volumes of
gases combine during chemical
reactions.
◈ Avogadro’s hypothesis states that
equal numbers of molecules of
different gases at the same
temperature and pressure occupy
equal volumes.
 Avogadro’s Law

◈ Avogadro’s Law:
At a fixed temperature and pressure,
the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the amount of gas
(that is, to the number of moles of
gas, n, or to the number of
molecules of gas).
◈ Take note: When we use Avogadro’s
hypothesis to compare different gases,
the gases must be at the standard
temperature and pressure. (STP)
 Molar Volume of Gas

◈ Furthermore, under STP, we use

Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 10 23
molecules) as the number of
particle.
◈ To summarize, under STP:
• P = 1 atm
• T = 0 °C (273.15 K)
• V = 22.4 L
• N = 6.022 x 10 23
particles / 1 mol
 Sample Problem

◈Calculate the volume occupied by 4.11 kg of

methane gas, CH4 (g) , at STP.
 Problem

◈What is the mass of propane, C3H8, in a 50.0 L

container of the gas at STP?
 Problem

◈ Solid carbon dioxide, called dry ice, is

useful in maintaining frozen foods
because it vaporizes to CO2 (g) rather
than melting to a liquid. How many
liters of CO2(g), measured at STP, will
be produced by the vaporization of a
block of dry ice (d = 1.56 g/cm3) that
measures 30.48 cm x 5.08 cm x 5.08
cm? (Hint: d = m/V)
 Combined Gas Law

◈ Combined gas law is most

useful when we want to
describe the final condition
for a gas from a knowledge of
the initial conditions and the
changes to which the gas is
subjected.
 Combined Gas Law

◈Using combined gas law, derive an

equation that relates the pressure and
amount of gas when both the
temperature and volume remain
constant.
 Combined Gas Law

◈A sample of O2 has an initial condition

under STP. After a while, its temperature
has reached 100℃. What is the pressure
at 100 ℃? (Hint: amount of gas and
volume remain the same)
 Ideal Gas Law

◈Ideal gas is a gas that

strictly obey all the simple
gas laws and has a molar
volume at STP of 22.414 L.
◈R is called gas constant or
ideal gas constant (0.0821
L atm mol-1 K-1)
Ideal Gas Law
 Sample Problem

What is the pressure exerted by 0.508 mol

O2 in a 15.0-L container at 303 K?
 Problem

How many moles of nitrogen gas, N2, are

there in a sample that occupies 35.0 L at a
pressure of 3.15 atm and a temperature of
852 K?
 Problem

If volume and temperature are held

constant, how many moles of N2 (g) should be
added to the gas described in the previous
problem to increase the pressure to 5.00
atm?
 Problem

If 0.550 g of a gas occupies 0.2 L at 0.968

atm and 289 K, what is the amount of gas?
 Problem

What is the volume occupied by 16.0 g

ethane gas (C2H6) at 720 Torr and 18 °C?
 Problem

What is the temperature, in degrees Celsius,

at which 15 g of oxygen gas exerts a
pressure of 785 Torr in a volume of 5.00 L?
 Problem

How many grams of nitrogen gas, at 25 ℃

and 734 Torr, will occupy the same volume
as 25 g of oxygen gas at 30.0 ℃ and 735
Torr?