QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
It is highlighted with the numerical analysis of
data expecting that the results that can be
generalized to some bigger population and
describe a particular observation having no
biases.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
can be defined as the study of the nature of
phenomena and is especially appropriate for
answering questions of why something is (not)
observed, assessing complex multi-component
interventions, and focusing on intervention
improvement
 Characteristics of QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1.It is objective NOT subjective

2.Research questions are clearly defined
3. Research instrument is clearly structured
4. Numerical presentation of data
5. Large sample size
6. Replicated but not duplicate
7. Data can be used to predict future outcomes or forecast
8. Data can be used to verify existing facts and develop new
concepts.
QUANTITAVE RESEARCH

STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES
 STRENGTHS

1. 2. 3.

Valid way of Through hypothesis Properly designed

conducting results testing gives way to a researches give
and most reliable new hypothesis or objective, unbiased
design. disapproves of the and real results.
hypothesis
 STRENGTHS

4. 5. 6.

High Replicability Concise Visual Reliable and

Presentation Generalized Data
 WEAKNESSES

1. 2. 3.

It could be time- The participants are Leaves little room for

consuming, costly limited to choose uncertainty or grey
and challenging for only from the given areas
non mathematician responses.
researchers
 WEAKNESSES

4. 5. 6.

Some information It does not provide It lacks the

cannot be described comprehensive necessary data to
by numerical data explanation of explore a problem or
such as feelings, human experiences. concept in depth
and beliefs.
 TRUE OR FALSE

1. In Quantitative Research, a sample needs to be

large enough to properly represents the population.

2. Hypothesis is an assumption or prediction on how

variables relate to each other.
 TRUE OR FALSE

3. In Quantitative Research values the depth of

meaning and people’s subjective experiences and their
meaning-making process.

4. Quantitative Research includes numerical data that

is describing how many, how much or what rank things
are.
 TRUE OR FALSE

5. In Quantitative Research, includes interviews that

may be described in the narrative that points out
themes and trends.
 TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE
1. In Quantitative Research, a sample needs to be
large enough to properly represents the population.

TRUE
2. Hypothesis is an assumption or prediction on how
variables relate to each other.
 TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE
3. In Quantitative Research values the depth of
meaning and people’s subjective experiences and their
meaning-making process.

TRUE
4. Quantitative Research includes numerical data that
is describing how many, how much or what rank things
are.
 TRUE OR FALSE

5. In Quantitative Research, includes interviews that

FALSE
may be described in the narrative that points out
themes and trends.
 2 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

NON-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL

•It describes a situation

or phenomenon
 2 TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
CORRELATION DESCRIPTIVE

• A research design • A research design

investigates that describe the
relationship nature, observations
between the two and components of
variables. the population or a
phenomenon.
• Survey Research
 2 TYPES OF CORRELATION

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
CORRELATION CORRELATION
• An increase/ • If there is an
decrease in one increase in one
variable leads to variable, the
increase/ decrease second variable
the other variable. will show a
decrease
 2 TYPES OF CORRELATION
NO
CORRELATION

• A change in one variable may not

necessarily see a difference in the
other variable
 2 TYPES OF CORRELATION

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
CORRELATION CORRELATION

• Family income and • Age of car and

daily allowance. price of the car
 2 TYPES OF CORRELATION
NO
CORRELATION

• Number of spent in studying and

height of the students.
 EXPERIMENTAL

•This kind of research is

centrally concerned
with constructing
research that is high in
causal (internal)
validity.
 EXPERIMENTAL

• This involves the careful

manipulation of an
independent variable while
controlling and measuring
other variables to assess
their impact on the
dependent variable.
 2 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL

• The absence of a • To test the true

random assignment cause and effect
of subjects to other relationships of
conditions. variables involve in
• Known as Causal- the study.
Comparative
method
 2 TYPES OF QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
ONE GROUP POSTTEST TWO GROUP POSTTEST
ONLY DESIGN ONLY DESIGN
•A treatment is • Individuals are
implemented randomly allocated to
(independent variable either receive or not
is manipulated) and receive an
dependent variable is intervention, and the
measured once after outcome of interest is
the treatment is evaluated only once
implemented. after the intervention
to determine its effect.
 2 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL

• The absence of a • To test the true

random assignment cause and effect
of subjects to other relationships of
conditions. variables involve in
the study.
 EX POST FACTO
• is used to investigate a possible relationship
between previous events and present
conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which
means after the fact, looks at the possible
causes of an already occurring phenomenon.
Just like the first two, there is no experimental
manipulation in this design. An example of this
is “How does the parent’s academic
achievement affect the children obesity?”
RESEARCH
DESIGN
 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

• It can be used to get more details and tries to find, to

describe the existing status of a variable or phenomenon.
• It should be applied to give a detailed description of the
phenomenon or some factor at the moment. When the data
is finally gathered, only after that the researchers start to
develop a hypothesis. Or the researcher does not start with
a hypothesis, but naturally develops one after the data is
collected.
• Data collection is mostly observational in natural situation.
 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Experimental manipulation is not used

Data Collection: Questionnaire and observation

Sample Title: Assessing Nurses’ Attitudes Toward Death and
Caring for Dying Patients in a Comprehensive Cancer Center
(Lange, M., Thom, B., Kline, N.E., 2008)
 CORRELATIONAL DESIGN

• This design will study the relationships between the

different variable factors through the statistical data
processing. If to speak about the information collection,
then this type is intended for observations without the
exploration of cause and effect. Therefore, it is a non-
experimental research method, and also mostly
observational in terms of data collection.
 CORRELATIONAL DESIGN

Experimental manipulation is not used.

Data Collection: Questionnaire, Test, and observation

Sample Title: The Relationship Between Service Quality and
Customer Satisfaction in the Telecommunication Industry:
Evidence from Nigeria (Ojo, O., 2010)
 QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

• seeks to begin a cause-effect relationship between two or

more variables. The researcher does not assign groups and
manipulate the independent variable. There are usually
selected control groups which participants are exposed to
these factors and this control groups are identified to the
variable.
• Results are compared with results from group not exposed
to the variable. The Quasi-research is used in field settings
where random assignment is either irrelevant or not
required.
 QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Experimental manipulation may have limited use.

Intact Groups are used

Research Data Collection: Test
Sample Title: The Impact of Smoking and Consumer Behavior;
Quasi-experimental Evidence from Switzerland.
 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Intact Group are not used

Date Collection Technique: Test

Sample Title: Effects of Mobile Technology Use on Walking
(Perlmutter., S., et al., 2014)
Match the following quantitative research title under column A to its classification
(research design) in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.

Column A Column B
1. Effects of Aspirin on Reducing the Cholesterol Level A.
of Obese People Correlational
2. Effects of Instagram on the Visual Literacy of B.
Teenagers Descriptive
3. Effects of Utilizing an Interdisciplinary Curriculum on C. Ex post
the Health Literacy of Science Classes facto

4. The Relationship Between a Teacher’s Personality D.

and Performance Evaluation Experimental

5. Technical Capacity of Water Treatment Device E. Quasi

experimental
Match the following quantitative research title under column A to its classification
(research design) in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.

Column A Column B
6. Investigating the effects of formalin treated eggplants A.
on mice Correlational
7. Factors affecting job satisfaction among Tech-Voc B. Descriptive
graduates
8. Prevalence of domestic violence in cities declared C. Ex post
under Enhanced Community Quarantine during the facto
Covid-19 pandemic
9. The effects of age on social media platform choice D.
Experimental

10. The relationship between intelligence and sports E. Quasi

choices among high school students experimental
Match the following quantitative research title under column A to its classification
(research design) in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.

Column A Column B
B 1. Effects of Aspirin on Reducing the Cholesterol Level A.
of Obese People Correlational
D 2. Effects of Instagram on the Visual Literacy of B.
Teenagers Descriptive
E 3. Effects of Utilizing an Interdisciplinary Curriculum on C. Ex post
the Health Literacy of Science Classes facto

A 4. The Relationship Between a Teacher’s Personality D.

and Performance Evaluation Experimental

C 5. Technical Capacity of Water Treatment Device E. Quasi

experimental
Match the following quantitative research title under column A to its classification
(research design) in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided.

Column A Column B
D 6. Investigating the effects of formalin treated eggplants A.
on mice Correlational
C 7. Factors affecting job satisfaction among Tech-Voc B. Descriptive
graduates
B 8. Prevalence of domestic violence in cities declared C. Ex post
under Enhanced Community Quarantine during the facto
Covid-19 pandemic
E 9. The effects of age on social media platform choice D.
Experimental

A 10. The relationship between intelligence and sports E. Quasi

choices among high school students experimental
 KINDS OF VARIABLE AND THEIR USES

Quantitative Composite Categorical/ Ratio

Variables Variables Qualitative Variables
Variables
• Discrete
• Continuous • Dichotomous
• Nominal
• Ordinal
 KINDS OF VARIABLE AND THEIR USES

Latent Dependent Independent Extraneous

Variables Variables Variables Variables
• Confounding
 VARIABLES

• It is anything that has a quantity and a quality that varies.

 QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES

• Quantitative variables are any variables represents amount

and it can be measured numerically.

• When you collect quantitative data, the numbers you record

represent real amounts that can be added, subtracted,
divided, etc. There are two types of quantitative
variables: discrete and continuous.
 2 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE

DISCRETE VARIABLES CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

• Also known as Integer Variables. • Measurements of continuous
• Counts of individual items or or non-finite values. It can be
values. positive or negative.
• Number of students in a class
• Number of different tree species
in a forest
 CATEGORICAL VARIABLES

• Categorical variables represent groupings of some kind. They

are sometimes recorded as numbers, but the numbers
represent categories rather than actual amounts of things.

• There are three types of categorical

variables: dichotomous, nominal, and ordinal variables.
 • RATIO VARIABLES

• Ratio variables are a special type of continuous variable. This

type of variable cannot have a negative value.

• Some examples of ratio variables are age, height, weight,

distance, and test scores
 QUALITATIVE/CATEGORICAL
VARIABLES
DICHOTOMOUS NOMINAL VARIABLES ORDINAL VARIABLES
VARIABLES

• Also known as • Groups with no • Groups that are

BINARY VARIABLES. rank or order ranked in a
• Are those that have between them. specific order.
only two distinct • It can exhibit the
categories or characteristics of
values. both quantitative
• Yes/No outcomes and qualitative
types.
 CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
EXAMPLES
DICHOTOMOUS NOMINAL VARIABLES ORDINAL VARIABLES
VARIABLES

• Heads/tails in a coin • Species names • Finishing place

flip • Colors in a race
• Win/lose in a football • Brands • Rating scale
game
• Blood type responses in a
• Source of survey, such
income as Likert
• Marital Status scales*
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

• Also known as TREATMENT VARIABLES

• Variables you manipulate in order to affect the outcome of an
experiment.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

• Also known as RESPONSE VARIABLES

• Variables that represent the outcome of the experiment.
 CONTROL VARIABLES

• Variables that are held constant throughout the experiment.

 EXAMPLE (SALT TOLERANCE
EXPERIMENT
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT CONTROL VARIABLES
VARIABLES VARIABLES

• The amount of • Any • The temperature

measurement and light in the
salt added to
of plant health room the plants
each plant’s are kept in, and
and growth: in
water. the volume of
this case, plant water given to
height and each plant.
wilting.
 CONTROL VARIABLES

• Variables that are held constant throughout the experiment.

 EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

• An extraneous variable is any variable not being investigated

that has the potential to affect the outcome of a research
study.
• Any variable not categorized as a dependent or independent
variable in a study. It is an undesired variable that can
influence the results of an experiment.
 1. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

• Special type of extraneous variable, which variable that a

researcher fails to control and threatens the validity of an
experiment’s procedure.
• A variable that hides the true effect of another variable in your
experiment. This can happen when another variable is closely
related to a variable you are interested in, but you haven’t
controlled it in your experiment.
 2. LATENT VARIABLES

• A variable that can’t be directly measured, but that

you represent via a proxy
 3. COMPOSITE VARIABLES

• A variable that is made by combining multiple variables in

an experiment. These variables are created when you
analyze data, not when you measure it.
 EXAMPLE (SALT TOLERANCE
EXPERIMENT
CONFOUNDING LATENT VARIABLES COMPOSITE
VARIABLES VARIABLES

• Pot size and soil type • Salt tolerance in • The three plant
might affect plant plants cannot be health variables
survival as much or measured directly, could be combined
more than salt but can be inferred
additions. In an
into a single plant-
from health score to make
experiment you would
measurements of it easier to present
control these potential
confounders by holding plant health in our your findings.
them constant. salt-addition
experiment.
 ATTRIBUTE VARIABLES

• It is the characteristics of people intelligence, creativity,

anxiety and learning styles.
Activity: Identify the different variables in the following situations. In case
one type of variables is not used, write NA.
1. You are provided the following scores of contestant in a painting
competition. The contestant have used different types of painting
materials in their artwork, such as acrylic, oil, and watercolor.
Contestant Judge 1 Judge 2
1 (acrylic) 86 83
2 (acrylic) 80 82
3 (oil) 76 80

4 (oil) 90 86
5 (watercolor) 87 89
6 (watercolor) 87 92

Quantitative variable(s):_________ Dependent variable:__________

Qualitative variable (s):_________` Independent variable:_________
Ordinal variable:_________ Extraneous variable:__________
 Why do
people
conduct
research?
• Knowledge production
• To find solutions to a problem
• Human convenience
• Research preceded progress
• Make the world better
Importance of Quantitative Research in Different Fields

Quantitative research has undeniable impact on the

different aspects of society. The findings of a particular
quantitative can influence crucial decisions affecting
different organizations and individuals. Quantitative
research can also be used to better understand the
relationship between environmental phenomena such as
carbon emission and the melting of ice caps.
 Instructions
Find three different websites that discuss the benefits of renewable energy technologies.

Locate two academic articles that explain the principles of artificial intelligence.

Identify a government report that addresses the impact of technology on the job market.

Use the next slide as a guide in sharing results for each

topic. Note how you evaluated the credibility and
relevance your sources.
 TOPIC

Source or Source or Source or

Website Link Website Link Website Link

Summary of the essential Summary of the essential Summary of the essential

information information information

I know this source is credible because... I know this source is credible because... I know this source is credible because...
 Assignment
Choose one of the topics below and read the prompts carefully. Gather sources and note down
information that would answer the prompts, based on the research skills you have learned.

Cybersecurity &
Social Media Robotics
Online Privacy

Explore how social media Investigate the importance of Explore the advantages and
platforms influence cybersecurity and its significance disadvantages of robotics in
communication, behavior, and in protecting personal and different industries such as
mental health in today's society. sensitive information. healthcare, manufacturing or
transportation.
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