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FORMATTED INPUT / OUTPUT{
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[Chapter 3]
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9 ‘Objectives,
10 ▪ To understand and use various member functions for C++ formatted
11 I/O.
▪ To understand and use various stream manipulators for C++
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13 } formatted I/O.

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3.1 iostream Library
▪ In this Module we will discuss how this formatted I/O implemented in C++ by using member functions and stream
3 manipulators.
▪ Discuss the formatted I/O here, for file I/O and some of the member functions mentioned in this Module, will be
4 presented in another Module.
5 ▪ The header files used for formatted I/O in C++ are:

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1 ▪ The compilers that fully comply with the C++ standard that use the template based header files won’t need
2 the .h extension. Please refer to Namespaces for more information.
▪ The iostream class hierarchy is shown below. From the base class ios, we have a derived class:
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8 ▪ So, iostream support both stream input and output. The class hierarchy is shown below.
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1 3.2 Left and Right Shift Operators

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3 ▪ We have used these operators in most of the previous tutorials for C++ codes.
▪ The left shift operator (<<) is overloaded to designate stream output and is called stream insertion operator.
4 ▪ The right shift operator (>>) is overloaded to designate stream input and is called stream extraction operator.
▪ These operators used with the standard stream object (and with other user defined stream objects) is listed below:
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1 ▪ For file processing C++ uses (will be discussed in another Module) the following classes:

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7 ▪ Stream output program example:
// string output using <<
8 #include <iostream>
9 using namespace std;
int main()
10 {
cout<<"Welcome to C++ I/O module!!!"<<endl;
11 cout<<"Welcome to ";
cout<<"C++ module 18"<<endl;
12 // endl is end line stream manipulator
13 // issue a new line character and flushes the output buffer

}
// output buffer may be flushed by cout<<flush; command
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}

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1 ▪ Stream output program example:

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// concatenating <<
3 #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
4 int main()
{
5 int p = 3, q = 10;
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cout << "Concatenating using << operator.\n"
7 <<"--------------------------------"<<endl;
cout << "70 minus 20 is "<<(70 - 20)<<endl;
8 cout << "55 plus 4 is "<<(55 + 4)<<endl;
cout <<p<<" + "<<q<<" = "<<(p+q)<<endl;
9 return 0;
10 }

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1 ▪ Stream input program example:

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#include <iostream>
3 using namespace std;

4 int main()
{
5 int p, q, r;
6 cout << "Enter 3 integers separated by space: \n";
cin>>p>>q>>r;}
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// the >> operator skips whitespace characters such as tabs,
8 // blank space and newline.
cout<<"Sum of the "<<p<<","<<q<<" and "<<r<<" is = "<<(p+q+r)<<endl;
9 return 0;
10 }

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1 3.3 get() and getline() Member Functions of

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3 Stream Input
4 ▪ For the get() function, we have three versions.
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1. get() without any arguments, input one character from the designated streams including whitespace and returns
6 this character as the value of the function call. It will return EOF when end of file on the stream is encountered. For
example:
7 cin.get();
2. get() with a character argument, inputs the next character from the input stream including whitespace. It return
8 false when end of file is encountered while returns a reference to the istream object for which the get member
9 function is being invoked. For example:
char ch;
10 ...
cin.get(ch);
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1 3. get() with three arguments, a character array, a size limit and a delimiter (default value ‘\n’). It reads characters
from the input stream, up to one less than the specified maximum number of characters and terminates or terminates
2 as soon as the delimiter is read. For example:
3 char namevar[30];
...
4 cin.get(namevar, 30);
5 // get up to 29 characters and inserts null
6 // at the end of the string stored in variable
// namevar. If a delimiter is found,
7 // the read terminates. The delimiter
// is left in the stream, not stored in the array.
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9 4. getline() operates like the third get() and insert a null character after the
line in the character array. It removes the delimiter from the stream, but does not
10 store it in the character array.
▪ A program examples:
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// get() version
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;

3 const int SIZE = 100;

4 int main()
{
5 char bufferOne[SIZE], bufferTwo[SIZE];
cout <<"Enter a line of text:"<<endl;
6 cin>>bufferOne;
// store the string in array bufferOne
7 // just the first word in the array string, then the
// first whitespace encountered
8 cout<<"\nThe line of text read by cin>> was:"<<endl;
t<<bufferOne<<endl;
9 cin.get(bufferTwo, SIZE);
// the rest of the string
10 cout<<"The line of text read by cin.get(bufferTwo,SIZE) was:"<<endl;
cout<<bufferTwo<<endl;
11 return 0;
}
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// getline() example
1 #include <iostream>
2 using namespace std;
const SIZE = 100;
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int main()
4 {
char buffer[SIZE];
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cout<<"Read by cin.getline(buffer, SIZE)\n"
6 <<"--------------------------------\n"<<"Enter a line of text:"<<endl;
cin.getline(buffer, SIZE);
7 cout<<"The line of text entered is: "<<endl;
cout<<buffer<<endl;
8 return 0;
}
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▪ ignore() member function skips over a designated number of characters (default is one character) or terminates
1 upon encountering a designated delimiter (default is EOF). For example:
2 cin.ignore(); // gets and discards 1 character.
cin.ignore(5); // gets and discards 5 characters.
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4 cin.ignore(20,’\n’);
// gets and discards up to 20 characters or until
5 // newline character whichever comes first.

6 ▪ putback() member function places the previous character obtained by a get() on an

input stream back onto that stream. For example:
7 char chs;
8 ...
cin.putback(chs);
9 // put character back in the stream

10 ▪ peek() member function returns the next character from an input stream, but does
not remove the character from the stream. For example:
11 char chs;
12 ...
chs = cin.peek();
13 // peek at character

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1 ▪ Unformatted I/O performed with read() and write() member functions. They simply input or output as raw byte.
▪ The read() member function extracts a given number of characters into an array and the write() member function
2 inserts n characters (nulls included). For example:

3 char texts[100];
...
4 cin.read(texts, 100);
5 // read 100 characters from input stream and don’t append ‘\0’

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1 3.4 Stream Manipulators

2 ▪ Used to perform formatting, such as:
3 1. Setting field width.
2. Precision.
4 3. Unsetting format flags.
4. Flushing stream.
5 5. Inserting newline in the output stream and flushing the
stream.
6 6. Inserting the null character in the output stream.
7 7. Skipping whitespace.
8. Setting the fill character in field.
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9 3.4.1 Stream Base
10 ▪ For stream base we have:

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▪ Program example:
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// using hex, oct, dec and setbase stream manipulator
2 ##include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
3 using namespace std;
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int main()
5 {
int p;
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cout<<"Enter a decimal number:"<<endl;
7 cin>>p;
8 cout<<p<< " in hexadecimal is: "
<<hex<<p<<'\n’
9 <<dec<<p<<" in octal is: "
<<oct<<p<<'\n’
10 <<setbase(10) <<p<<" in decimal is: "
11 <<p<<endl;
cout<<endl;
12 return 0;
}
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14 }
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1 3.4.2 Floating-point Precision

2 ▪ Used to control the number of digits of an output stream display
▪ Use setprecision() or precision().
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// using precision and setprecision
4 #include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
5 // using C++ wrappers to access C function
#include <cmath>
6 using namespace std;
int main()
7 {
double theroot = sqrt(11.55);
8 cout<<"Square root of 11.55 with various"<<endl;
cout<<" precisions"<<endl;
9 cout<<"---------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"Using 'precision':"<<endl;
10 for(int poinplace=0; poinplace<=8; poinplace++)
{
11 cout.precision(poinplace);
cout<<theroot<<endl;
12 }
cout<<"\nUsing 'setprecision':"<<endl;
13 for(int poinplace=0; poinplace<=8; poinplace++)

}
cout<<setprecision(poinplace)<<theroot<<endl;
14 return 0;
}return 0;
}

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{ THANK YOU
Any questions?

}
 Engineering

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6 John 3:16 – For God so loved the world, that He
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gave His only begotten Son, that whoever
9 believes in Him, shall not perish but have
10 everlasting life.
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