LAB

INSTRUMENTATI
ON
 PHOTOMETRY

 Principle: Analytes which have the

tendency to absorb light, when exposed
to a beam of incident light, will absorb
some. This results in transmission of a
light of lower intensity.

 Use: Quantitative estimation of light

absorbing analyte (solute) in a solution.
 COLORIMETER
 Colorimetry uses the basic principles of
photometry, but the solutions have to be
coloured.

Colorimeter

 It is used to measure the intensity of light

transmitted through a coloured solution.
 It uses light only in the visible range. Light
from a tungsten lamp is passed through a
suitable filter, to obtain light of a desired
wavelength, which is then passed through the
solution placed in a cuvette.
COLORIMETER
 SPECTROPHOTOMETER
A spectrophotometer works on the same
principle as a colorimeter, but it is more
sensitive and covers a broad range of
wavelength.

 There are light sources that emit light in

the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions
of the spectrum
 Since light in the ultraviolet and infrared
ranges is also emitted,the compound to
be estimated does not necessarily have to
be coloured and can be measured directly
 Serum enzyme assays, assays of
glucose, urea, uric acid, etc, which take
advantage of the UV absorption of the
coenzymes NADH and NADPH at 340
nm. For, such methods a quartz
spectrophotometer is essential.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
 ELISA READER

 Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay

(ELISA)
 Antibody based detection
 Very specific and sensitive
 Reactions are run in a microtiter plate
instead of test tubes
ELISA PLATE
ELISA READER
ELISA
 This test is commonly employed to
detect antigens or antibodies present in
very small quantities in tissues or blood,
such as hormones, growth factors,
tumor markers, bacteria, and virus.
 AUTOMATED/SEMI-AUTOMATED
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYZERS
o Mechanized versions of manual
laboratory techniques and procedures
o Help in the processing, transportation
and testing of a large number of clinical
specimens in an efficient manner
o It work is simplified by using robotics and
computer technology, to undertake
repetitive tasks like pipetting, dispensing
and mixing
o Advanced versions of the
spectrophotometer help in increasing
specimen throughput.
SEMIAUTOMATED
ANALYSER
FULLY AUTOMATED
ANALYSER
 MULTIMODE READER
 This system can detect absorbance,
luminescence, fluorescence, and even
make more specialized fluorescence
measurements.
 It is used for ELISA,Western Blot, nucleic
acid quantitaion and protein
quantitation
 FLAME PHOTOMETER

 Some metals, when introduced into the

flame, dissociate into atoms & get
excited to higher energy levels
 Being unstable, these atoms return back
to the ground state, emitting radiations
that generally lie in the visible region of
the spectrum.
 Use: It is used for estimation of
sodium,potassium,lithium,calcium,bariu
m
 PH METER
 A pH meter is a scientific instrument
that measures the hydrogen-ion activity
in water-based solutions, indicating its
acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH.

 Principle:It consists of a voltmeter

attached to a pH-responsive electrode
and a reference electrode. A change in
[H+] is measured as a change in
electrical potential.
PH METER

pH strips
 WATERBATH
 A device used in the laboratories to
incubate samples in water, maintained
at a constant temperature for a long
period of time
 Temperature may be controlled digitally
or by a dial and once set, the water bath
cycles on and off to ensure constancy of
the temperature
 Uses –chemistry reactions to provide
desired incubation temperature,
molecular biology experiments, thawing
frozen samples
WATERBATH
 ALL GLASS DISTILLATION
APPARATUS
 Distilled water is water that has many
of its impurities removed through
distillation. Distillation involves
boiling the water and then
condensing the steam into a clean
container
 PRINCIPLE: Tap water in the still
gets heated by the heating coils.
When it boils the vapour are formed.
These vapours are collected in the
condenser and are cooled by the
circulated tap water. The condensed
distilled water is free from the
interfering ions are collected through
the outlet
ALL GLASS DISTILLATION
APPARATUS
 AUTOCLAVE
 The basic principle of moist heat
(steam) sterilization, as accomplished in
an autoclave, is to expose each item to
direct steam contact at high
temperature and pressure for the
specified time.
 High pressure increases the boiling point
of water and helps to achieve higher
temperature to sterilize.
 There are four parameters of steam
sterilization : steam, pressure,
temperature, and time.
 Autoclaves operate at high temperature
and pressure in order to kill
microorganisms and spores.

 They are used to decontaminate certain

biological waste and sterilize media,
instruments and lab ware.
AUTOCLAVE
 ANALYTICAL BALANCE
 An analytical balance (or lab balance) is
a class of balance designed to measure
small mass in the sub-milligram range.
The measuring pan of an analytical
balance (0.1 mg resolution or better) is
inside a transparent enclosure with doors
so that dust does not collect and so any air
currents in the room do not affect the
balance's operation
 It is used in quantitative chemical analysis,
to determine the mass of solid objects,
liquids, powders and granular substances.
 VORTEX

 It allows scientists to control the mixing

speed by selecting from 200rpm for
more gentle mixing to 2500rpm for
vigorous agitation.

 It may be used to suspend cells and to

mix the reagents of an assay or an
experimental sample.
VORTEX
 URINOMETER
 Urinometer is an instrument used to
measure the specific gravity of urine
 There are three parts of urinometer.

I. The float:is the air containing part

II. Weight:the lower end of urinometer

III. Stem-Has calibrations with numbers

marked to measure the specific
gravity
 Principle: The weighted float will
displace the volume of the urine which
is equal to its weight. The weight of the
weighted float is designed in such a way
that the urinometer sinks to the level of
1.000 in the distilled water.
 Due to increased density of urine
compared to that of water, the
urinometer will float higher in urine than
in water.
URINOMETER
 ORBITAL SHAKER

 A piece of equipment used to mix,

blend, or agitate substances in a tube or
flask by shaking them.
 It is mainly used in the fields of
chemistry and biology. A shaker contains
an oscillating board that is used to place
the flasks,beakers, or test tubes.
 REFRIGERATOR
Reagent storage Refrigerator
 Temp range :2-8⁰C
 Uses:storage of lab reagents, samples
for short duration (blood, urine etc)
Deep Refrigerator
 Temp range :-20 to -80⁰C
 Uses:storage of lyophilized reagents,
samples for long duration, DNA/RNA,
proteins, tissue etc.
 ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
ANALYZER
 Point-of-care testing (POCT) device
 Delivers fast, accurate and comprehensive
test results in approximately 60 seconds

Principle: Electrolytes and other parameters

are determined by potentiometric
measurements with the help of Ion
selective electrode (ISE).
 Uses: Blood gas analysis provides critical
information about different metabolic and
respiratory disorders (alkalosis and
acidosis)
Parameters
 Blood pH
 Blood gases (pCO2, pO2)
 Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-)
 Metabolites (Glucose, Lactate)
 CO-oximetry (tHb, HHb, O2Hb, sO2,
COHb, MetHb)
 Neonatal total bilirubin
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
ANALYZER
 BIOSAFETY CABINET
 Enclosed workstation that is used to
create a contamination-free work
environment through filters to capture all
the particles entering the cabinet.
Use: to serve as a means to protect the
laboratory worker and the surrounding
environment from pathogens
It is used when working with low to
moderate risk biological agents
Used in microbiology, pathology, molecular
biology, cell/tissue culture laboratories
BIOSAFETY CABINET
 INCUBATOR
 Microorganisms require a particular set
of parameters (temperature, humidity,
oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels) for
their growth and development.
 Principle: In an incubator, the
thermostat maintains a constant
temperature that can be read from the
outside via the thermometer.
 USES
 Incubators are used to grow microbial
culture or cell cultures. Can be used to
increase the growth rate of organisms,
having a prolonged growth rate in the
natural environment.
 Specific incubators are used for
manipulating environment (CO2, O2).
 In molecular biology, they are used to
carry out restriction digestion, ligation
and other enzymatic reactions during
experiments
 BOD INCUBATOR
 BOD Incubator (Bio-Oxygen Demand)
are used to maintain temperature for
test tissue culture growth, storage of
bacterial cultures and incubation where
high degree of constant temperature
accuracy is required. Thermolab BOD
Incubators provide accurate conditions
and uniformity throughout the chamber.
 HOT AIR OVEN
 A hot air oven is a laboratory
instrument that uses dry heat to
sterilize laboratory equipment and other
materials.

 We can sterilize Glassware (like petri

dishes, flasks, pipettes, and test tubes),
Powder (like starch, zinc oxide, and
sulfadiazine), Materials that contain oils,
Metal equipment (like scalpels, scissors,
and blades) by using hot air oven.
 To destroy microorganisms and bacterial
spores, a hot air oven provides
extremely high temperatures over
several hours.

 The temperature range of a hot air oven

is 50 to 300 ° C. It can be controlled by
using a temperature regulator.
PRINCIPLE
 Sterilization by dry heat is performed by
conduction. The temperature is consumed
by the surface of the objects, then moves
towards the core of the object, coating by
coating. The whole object will ultimately
attain the temperature needed for
sterilization to take place.
 Dry heat causes most of the injury by
oxidizing particles. The primary cell
components are damaged and the organism
dies. The temperature is kept for about an
hour to eliminate the most ambitious of the
resistant spores.
HOT AIR OVEN
 FLOW CYTOMETER
 Cytometry, is the measurement of cell
characteristics e.g. cell size, cell count,
cell cycle phase etc.
 It allows researchers to get highly
specific information about individual
cells.
Principle: A technique for counting and
examining microscopic particles, such
as cells and chromosomes, by
suspending them in a stream of fluid
and passing them through an electronic
detection apparatus
 USES
 It allows simultaneous multiparametric
analysis of the physical and/or chemical
characteristics of up to thousands of
particles per second.
 Peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate,
and cerebrospinal fluid can be analyzed
using flow cytometry.
 Immuno-phenotyping of malignant cells
(leukemia etc.)
 CHEMILUMINESCENCE
IMMUNOASSAY
 Principle: Chemiluminescence is the
emission of light when an electron
returns from an excited or higher energy
level to a lower energy level. The
excitation event is caused by a chemical
reaction. These reactions occur in the
presence of catalysts,such as enzymes
 USES
 Chemiluminescence immunoassay
analyzer is used to detect the ultra-
trace level of substances in human
blood or other body fluids.
 Clinical Biochemistry – Assays of

• Hormones – Thyroid function, Insulin

• Vitamins – Vitamin D, Folate
• Tumor markers – Alfa fetoprotein,
Prostate specific antigen
• Drugs – Phenytoin, Tacrolimus
 POLYMERASE CHAIN
REACTION (PCR)
 A method widely used to rapidly make
millions to billions of copies of a specific
DNA sequence from a very small sample
of DNA and amplify it to a large amount.
 It is used in analyzing clinical specimens
for the presence of infectious agents,
including HIV, hepatitis, human
papillomavirus (genital warts, cervical
cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (glandular
fever), malaria and anthrax
 HB A 1C : GLYCATED
HEMOGLOBIN BASED HPLC
 Glycated haemoglobin refers to
hemoglobin components formed by the
interaction of Hb with glucose.

 Human hemoglobin inside erythrocytes

undergo a non enzymatic chemical
reaction with glucose.

 The rate and extent of this reaction

depends on the average blood glucose
concentration during the life time of
erythrocytes
 The percentage of glycated Hb gives an
estimate of diabetic control for the
preceeding 3 months period.

 Its measurement gives an objective

assessment of metabolic control.
Principle: HPLC Chromatography.
It is a technique in analytical chemistry used to
separate, identify, and quantify each
component in a mixture.
It relies on pumps to pass a pressurized
liquid solvent containing the sample mixture
through a column filled with a solid adsorbent
material.
Each component in the sample interacts slightly
differently with the adsorbent material, causing
different flow rates for the different components
and leading to the separation of the
components as they flow out of the column.
 ELECTROLYTE ANALYSER
 The electrolyte analyser is a device for
measuring the electrolytes in the human
body.
 They are primarily used in the
quantitative measurement of sodium,
potassium, and chloride in whole blood,
serum, or plasma.
 The most common methods of
electrolyte analysis are the flame
emission photometry and ion-selective
electrode.
HOT PLATE WITH
MAGNETIC STIRRER
 The primary use of magnetic stirrer or
hot plate with magnetic stirrer is to
conduct biological and chemical
experiments by mixing two components.
It is equally suitable for solids or liquid
samples to obtain a consistent liquid
mixture. Examples include media for
bacterial growth and chemical synthesis.
 A magnetic stirrer consists of either a
rotating magnet or stationary
electromagnets creating a rotating
magnetic field.
CO₂ INCUBATOR
 A CO₂ incubator is a device designed to
copy the cells' natural environment by
controlling physical parameters such as
the temperature, humidity, CO₂ and O₂
levels for the optimum growth and
development of cells.
CO₂ INCUBATOR
ANOXIA CHAMBER
 Anoxic chambers are used for
experiments that require oxygen levels
below that of the ambient atmosphere.
 Mainly used to create hypoxic/anoxic
environment during cell culture
ANOXIA CHAMBER
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