BBA 109

COMPUTER APPLICATION

Compone
nts of
Computer
System
 OUTLINE
Block diagram of Computer System given
by Von Neumann.

Functions of Different units of Computer.

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 Objective of the topic

 To understand basic working of various

components of a computer system.

To understand the flow of information

between various components of a
computer system.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

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 Functions of Different units of
Computer

The basic structure of computer system was proposed

by Von Neumann. All computer system perform the
following 5 basic operations:
1. Inputting: Process of entering data and instructions.
2. Storing: Saving the data and instructions.
3. Processing: Performing Arithmetic operations/Logical
operations.
4. Outputting: Producing results for the user.
5. Controlling: Directing the sequence and manner in
which all of the above operations are performed.
The five basic building blocks of a system corresponds to
those 5 basic operations.
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 INPUT UNIT

 It links the external environment with the computer system.

 Data and instructions enter input units in forms that depend
upon the particular device used.
Various input devices are:
 Keyboard
 Digitizer
 Voice Recognition System
 Trackball
 Joystick
 Scanner
 Optical Mark Readre
 Bar Code Reader
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
 Graphic Tablet

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 OUTPUT UNIT

It supplies information obtained as a result of

data processing to the outside world.
Various Output devices are:
Monitor
Printers
Plotters
Voice Response System
Speech Synthesizer.

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 STORAGE UNIT

• To store Data and instructions.

• Results, so produced, are saved before being
passed on to the Output Units.
• Storage Unit takes care of all these things.
Two types of Storage:
Primary Storage:
Also known as Main Memory, holds the information till the
time system is on. It loses information, if not saved, when
the system gets off. Hence it is volatile in nature.
It is expensive and has limited storage capacity.

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 STORAGE UNIT Contd..

Secondary Storage:
Also known as Auxiliary Storage.
It retains information even when system gets
switched off.
It is cheaper and storage capacity is not
limited.
Speed in comparison to Primary Memory/Main
Memory is slow.

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 ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit)

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital

electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise
operations on integer binary numbers.
An ALU is a fundamental building block of many types of
computing circuits, including the central processing
unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing
units (GPUs).
 A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUsIt is
the place where actual execution of the instructions takes
place.
All calculations and comparisons are performed here.
The type and number of operations that a computer can
perform, depend upon the design of ALU.
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 CONTROL UNIT

 The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central

processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It
tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and
output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
 It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and
control signals.
 Most computer resources are managed by the CU.
 It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.
 John von Neumann included the control unit as part of the von
Neumann architecture.
 In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal
part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since
its introduction
 It acts as the Central Nervous System of the Computer System.
 It maintains the order and sequence of the entire system
(instructions, data and results)

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 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
 A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic
circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of
a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic,
logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by
the instructions.
 The computer industry has used the term "central processing
unit" at least since the early 1960s.
 Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more
specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU),
distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external
components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.ALU and CU
of a computer system are jointly known as the CPU. It acts as
the brain of the computer system.
 It controls the operations of other units of a computer system.

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 Summary
A Computer System is more than just a Computer. It is a
combination of “components working together to perform
a specific task”. When these components are attached to the
Central Processing Unit than a user can perform task, from
playing movies, listening to songs, playing games, preparing
your assignments in MS word, or browsing the internet.

Modern-day computer systems usually contain, at a minimum,

the following hardware components:
1. The System Unit. Motherboard (aka System Board) CPU
(Central Processing Unit) Memory, such as RAM, ROM, Cache,
and Flash. ...
2. Secondary Storage, such as hard disk drives, CD-ROMs, etc.
3. Input / Output Devices.
4. Communications Devices.
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