‫الجامعة السعودية االلكترونية‬

‫الجامعة السعودية االلكترونية‬

‫‪26/12/2021‬‬
College of Computing and
Informatics

Introduction to Database
Introduction to Database

Entity–Relationship Model-1
Contents
1. Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design
2. A Sample Database Application
3. Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys
4. Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural
Constraints
5. Weak Entity Types
6. Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database
Weekly Learning
Outcomes
1. Explain the Entity-Relationship model.
 Required Reading
1. Chapter 3: Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design
2. Chapter 3: A Sample Database Application
3. Chapter 3: Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys
4. Chapter 3: Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints
5. Chapter 3: Weak Entity Types
6. Chapter 3: Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database
(Fundamentals of Database Systems, Global Edition, 7th Edition (2017) by
Ramez Elmasri & Shamkant Navathe)

Recommended Reading
Entity–Relationship Model-1:
https://courses.cs.vt.edu/cs4604/Spring21/pdfs/2-ermodel1.pdf

This Presentation is mainly dependent on the textbook: Fundamentals of Database Systems, Global Edition, 7th Edition (2017) by Ramez Elmasri & Shamkant Navathe
• Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for
Database Design
Overview of the Database Design
Process
• There are two main activities (see Figure 7.1 in the
next slide):
– Database schema design
– Application programs design
• Focus will be on database schema design
– Given the database requirements, design the
conceptual schema for a database
• Application programs design focuses on the programs
and interfaces that access and update the database
(considered part of software engineering discipline)
The Database Design Process

• Requirements Analysis and Specification is in the realm of

Systems Analysis and Design
• This and next chapter focus on Conceptual Design (see
Figure 7.1)
• Physical Design and Logical Design will not be
discussed here.
The Entity-Relationship (ER) Model
• ER model is a conceptual data model for database design
– Has an associated notation (ER schema diagrams) for
drawing/displaying the database schema
– Many variations of ER model exists
– Also, many extensions (E.g. EER model)
• Next slide (Figure 7.2) shows a complete ER schema diagram
for a COMPANY database
– We will explain gradually how this design is created
– First we introduce the requirements for the COMPANY database
– Then we present ER model concepts and diagrammatic notation
gradually, and design the schema step-by-step
• A Sample Database Application
Example: COMPANY Database (1)
• Create a database schema design based on the
following (simplified) requirements for a COMPANY
Database:
– The company is organized into DEPARTMENTs. Each
department has a name, number and an employee
who manages the department. We keep track of the
start date of the department manager. A department
may have several locations.
– Each department controls a number of PROJECTs. Each
project has a unique name, unique number and is
located at a single location.
COMPANY Database (cont.)

– The database will store each EMPLOYEE’s name, social

security number (unique for each employee), address,
salary, sex, and birthdate.
• Each employee works for one department, but may work on
several projects.
• We keep track of the number of hours per week that an employee
currently works on each project.
• We also keep track of the direct supervisor of each employee.
– An employee can have DEPENDENTs.
• For each dependent, the database keeps track of their first name,
sex, birthdate, and their relationship to the employee (child,
spouse, etc.).
• Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys
ER Model Concepts
• Entities and Attributes
– Entities: Specific objects or things in the mini-world that are
represented in the database.
• Examples: the EMPLOYEE John Smith, the Research DEPARTMENT,
the ProductX PROJECT
– Attributes: Properties used to describe an entity.
• Examples: an EMPLOYEE entity may have the attributes Name, SSN,
Address, Sex, BirthDate
– Data values: A specific entity has a value for each of its
attributes.
• Example: An employee entity may have Name='John Smith',
SSN='123456789', Address ='731, Fondren, Houston, TX', Sex='M',
BirthDate='09-JAN-55‘
– Each attribute has a value set (or data type) associated with it –
e.g. integer, string, subrange, enumerated type, …
Types of Attributes (1)
• Simple attribute (sometimes called atomic):
– Each entity has a single value for the attribute. For example, the SSN
or Sex of an employee.
• Composite attribute (also called compound):
– The attribute may be composed of several components. For
example:
• Address(Apt#, House#, Street, City, State, ZipCode, Country), or
• Name(FirstName, MiddleName, LastName).
• Composition may form a hierarchy where some components are
themselves composite (Figure 7.4, next slide).
• Multi-valued attribute (also called repeating group or
collection):
– An single entity may have multiple values for that attribute. For
example, Color of a CAR or PreviousDegrees of a STUDENT.
• Denoted as {Color} or {PreviousDegrees}.
Types of Attributes (2)
• Composite and multi-valued attributes may be nested
(to any number of levels).
– Example: PreviousDegrees of a STUDENT can be a
composite multi-valued attribute denoted by
{PreviousDegrees (College, Year, Degree, Field)}
– Multiple PreviousDegrees values can exist for a
particular student
– Each has four subcomponent attributes:
• College, Year, Degree, Field
Entity Types and Key Attributes
(1)
• Entities with the same basic attributes are grouped
(or typed) into an entity type.
– Examples: EMPLOYEE or PROJECT.
• Key attribute: an attribute of an entity type for which
each entity must have a unique (distinct) value.
– Example: SSN of EMPLOYEE, or PNUMBER of
PROJECT, or PNAME of PROJECT.
Entity Types and Key Attributes (2)
• A key attribute may be composite.
– Example: VehicleTagNumber (also known as
LicensePlateNo) of a CAR is a key with two
components (LicNumber, State).
• An entity type may have more than one key.
– The CAR entity type may have two keys:
• VehicleIdentificationNumber (popularly called VIN, unique
number stamped on each new car)
• VehicleTagNumber (Number, State)
• Each key is underlined in ER diagrams (see next slides)
Displaying an Entity type
• In ER diagrams, the entity type name is displayed in a
rectangular box
• Attributes are displayed in ovals
– Each attribute is connected to its entity type
– Components of a composite attribute are connected to the
oval representing the composite attribute
– Each key attribute is underlined
– Multivalued attributes displayed in double ovals
• See CAR example (Figure 3.7(a)) on next slide
 Entity Set
• Each entity type will have a collection of individual
entities stored in the database
– Called the entity set
– Previous slide (Figure 3.7(b) show three CAR entities in the
entity set for CAR
– Same name (CAR) refers to both entity type and entity set
– Object models (see Chapter 11) give different names to the
entity type and the entity set
– Entity set changes over time as entities are created and
deleted – represents current state of database
 Initial Design of Entity Types for the
COMPANY Database Schema
• Based on the requirements, we can identify four initial
entity types in the COMPANY database:
– DEPARTMENT
– PROJECT
– EMPLOYEE
– DEPENDENT
• Initial design (Figure 3.8) on following slide, will be
refined into final design
• Initial attributes shown are derived from the
requirements description
• Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and
Structural Constraints
Refining the initial design by
introducing Relationships

• The initial design is typically not complete

• Some aspects in the requirements will be represented
as relationships
• ER model has three main concepts:
– Entities (and their entity types and entity sets)
– Attributes (simple, composite, multivalued)
– Relationships (and their relationship types and
relationship sets)
• We introduce relationship concepts next
Relationships and Relationship
Types
• A relationship relates two or more distinct entities, with a
specific meaning.
– For example, EMPLOYEE John Smith works on the ProductX
PROJECT, or EMPLOYEE Franklin Wong manages the Research
DEPARTMENT.
• Relationships of the same type are grouped or typed into a
relationship type.
– For example, the WORKS_ON relationship type in which EMPLOYEEs
and PROJECTs participate, or the MANAGES relationship type in
which EMPLOYEEs and DEPARTMENTs participate.
• The degree of a relationship type is the number of
participating entity types.
– Both MANAGES and WORKS_ON are binary relationships.
 Relationship Type vs.
Relationship Set

• Relationship Type:
– Is the schema description of a relationship
– Identifies the relationship name and the participating entity
types
– Also identifies certain relationship constraints
• Relationship Set:
– The current set of relationship instances represented in the
database
– The current state of a relationship type
 Relationship Set
• A set of associations (or relationship instances)
between individual entities from the participating
entity sets:
– Example: Figure 3.9 (next slide) shows a relationship
set for WORKS_FOR
– {r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, ...}
– Relationship instance r1=(e1, d1) means EMPLOYEE e1
WORKS_FOR DEPARTMENT d1
– Associates e1 with d1
 Relationship Type
• Previous figure displayed the relationship set
• Each instance in the set relates individual participating
entities – one from each participating entity type
• In ER diagrams, we represent the relationship type as
follows:
– Diamond-shaped box is used to display a relationship type
– Connected to the participating entity types via straight lines
– Degree of a relationship type is the number of participating
entity types
Refining the COMPANY Initial
Design by Including Relationships
• By examining the requirements, attributes in the initial design
that refer to other entities are converted into relationships
(and removed from the entity types)
• Some of these relationship attributes (Figure 7.8, repeated on
next slide) are:
– The Department attribute of EMPLOYEE refers to the
DEPARTMENT entity that the employee WORKS_FOR
– The Manager attribute of DEPARTMENT refers to the EMPLOYEE
entity who MANAGES the DEPARTMENT
– The Supervisor attribute of EMPLOYEE refers to another
EMPLOYEE entity (this is called a recursive relationship)
– Several other similar attributes are converted into relationships –
can you identify those in next slide?
Refining the COMPANY Initial Design
by Including Relationships (2)

• Six relationship types are identified for the COMPANY

database schema (see Figure 3.2, repeated next slide)
• All are binary relationships (degree 2)
• Listed below with their participating entity types:
– WORKS_FOR (between EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT)
– MANAGES (also between EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT)
– CONTROLS (between DEPARTMENT, PROJECT)
– WORKS_ON (between EMPLOYEE, PROJECT)
– SUPERVISION (between EMPLOYEE (as subordinate), EMPLOYEE
(as supervisor))
– DEPENDENTS_OF (between EMPLOYEE, DEPENDENT)
Discussion on Relationship Types
• In the refined design, some attributes from the initial entity
types are refined into relationships:
– Manager of DEPARTMENT -> MANAGES
– Works_on of EMPLOYEE -> WORKS_ON
– Department of EMPLOYEE -> WORKS_FOR
– etc
• In general, more than one relationship type can exist between
the same participating entity types
– MANAGES and WORKS_FOR are distinct relationship types
between EMPLOYEE and DEPARTMENT
– Different meanings and different relationship instances.
Recursive Relationship Type
• A relationship type with the same entity type participating
twice in two distinct roles
• Example: the SUPERVISION relationship
• EMPLOYEE participates twice in two distinct roles:
– supervisor (or boss) role
– supervisee (or subordinate) role
– must distinguish the roles in a relationship instance
• Each relationship instance ri relates two distinct EMPLOYEE
entities (see Figure 3.11, next slide):
– One employee in supervisor role (labeled 1 in Fig. 3.11)
– One employee in supervisee role (labeled 2 in Fig. 3.11)
• Weak Entity Types
 Weak Entity Types
• An entity type that does not have a key attribute on its own
• A weak entity must participate in an identifying relationship type with an
owner (or identifying) entity type
• Individual entities are identified by the combination of:
– A partial key of the weak entity type
– The particular entity they are related to in the identifying entity type
• Example (see Figure 7.2):
– A DEPENDENT entity is identified by the dependent’s first name, and
the specific EMPLOYEE with whom the dependent is related
– Name of DEPENDENT is the partial key
– DEPENDENT is a weak entity type
– EMPLOYEE is its identifying (owner) entity type via the identifying
relationship type DEPENDENT_OF
• Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY
Database
 Main Reference
1. Chapter 3: Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design (3.1)
2. Chapter 3: A Sample Database Application (3.2)
3. Chapter 3: Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys (3.3)
4. Chapter 3: Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints (3.4)
5. Chapter 3: Weak Entity Types (3.5)
6. Chapter 3: Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database (3.6)
(Fundamentals of Database Systems, Global Edition, 7th Edition (2017) by
Ramez Elmasri & Shamkant Navathe)

Additional References
https://courses.cs.vt.edu/cs4604/Spring21/pdfs/2-ermodel1.pdf
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.sdl.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&s
id=dc1635b3-88ab-4a84-814c-5908ea9c232c%40sdc-v-sessmgr01

This Presentation is mainly dependent on the textbook: Fundamentals of Database Systems, Global Edition, 7th Edition (2017) by Ramez Elmasri & Shamkant Navathe
Thank
You