Prof. Melvin M.

Crisostomo
CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS
 A function is a special kind of relation where
every input goes to exactly one output
 It’s PREDICTABLE!

*Can be written using Function Notation:

 One-to-one

Every input has a unique output

 Onto

• Every output has an input

Example 1

Which mapping represents a function?

Choice One Choice Two

3 –1 2 2
1 2 –1 3
0 3 3 –2
0

Choice 1
Example 2

Which mapping represents a function?

A. B.

B
Example 3

{(0,  5), (1,  4), (2,  3), ( 3,  2), (4,  1), (5, 0)}

•Is this a function?

•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

YES
 Example 4
Function or not?

 In a function, one input can’t give 2 different outputs!

X Y X Y X Y
-2 3 5 3 -2 3
0 4 0 4 0 -1
8 32 8 32 8 -2
7 5 5 -6 7 3

Yes No; Yes

One input gives 2 outputs
Example 5

{(–1,  7), (1, 0), (2,  3), (0,  8), (0, 5), (–2,  1)}

•Is this a function?

•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

NO
 Vertical Line Test

•Vertical Line Test: a relation is a function if a vertical line

drawn through its graph, passes through only one point.
AKA: “The Pencil Test”
Take a pencil and move it from left to right (–x to x); if it crosses more
than one point, it is not a function

 Ex: Are these graphs functions?

YES! YES! NO!

Vertical Line Test

Would this
graph be a
function?

YES
Vertical Line Test

Would this
graph be a
function?

NO
Does the graph represent a
function?

x x

y y

Yes
Yes
Does the graph represent a
function?

x x

y y

No No
Does the graph represent a
function?

x x

y y

Yes No
 Function Notation
16

f(x) means function of x and is read “f of x.”

f(x) = 2x + 1 is written in function notation.

The notation f(1) means to replace x with 1 resulting in

the function value.

f(1) = 2x + 1
f(1) = 2(1) + 1
f(1) = 3
 Value of a Function
1. If g(s) = 2s + 3, find g(-2).
g(-2) = 2(-2) + 3 =-4 + 3 = -1
2. If h(x) = x2 - x + 7, find h(2c).
h(2c) = (2c)2 – (2c) + 7 = 4c2 - 2c + 7
3. If f(k) = k2 - 3, find f(a - 1)
f(a - 1)=(a - 1)2 – 3 =(a-1)(a-1) - 3 = a2 - a - a + 1 - 3 = a2 - 2a -
2
4. If f(x) = 2 – x2, find f(x+1)
f(x+1)= 2 - (x+1)2 = 2 – (x2 + 2x + 1) = 2 – x2 – 2x – 1= – x2 – 2x
+1
5. If f(x) = x2 + x, find f(2x)
f(2x)=(2x)2 + (2x) = 4x2 + 2x

6. If f(x) = x2 - 2x + 3, find f(x+h)

f(x+h)=(x+h)2 - 2(x+h) + 3 = x2 + 2xh + h2 – 2x -2h +3
 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

Given f(x) and g(x)

Where (f o g ) (x) means that f composite of g

which means that :
f(g(x))

While ( g o f )(x) means that g composite of f

which means that:
g (f(x))
 Composition of Functions

Example no. 1
Given f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 5x +3
Find the following:
a. (f o g)(x) b. (g o f)(x)
Solutions:
a.) (f o g)(x) b. (g o f)(x)
f(g(x))= 2x +1 g(f(x))= 5x +3
f(5x+3) = 2(5x+3) +1 g(2x+1) = 5(2x+1) +3
= 10x +6+1 = 10x +5 +3
= 10x + 7 = 10x +8
 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

A logarithm is another name for an exponent. In general, if a number N

expressed as some power of b (b > 0, b ≠ 1) by the equation N = bx, then the
exponent x is the logarithm of the number N to the base b, that is,
 logb N = x → bx = N
 If no base is specified, assume the base is 10
 e.g. log x = log10 x

 loge x = ln x , which is called a natural logarithm

 loga 1 = 0 because a0 = 1.
 loga a = 1 because a1 = a.
 loga ax = x and aloga x
= x because logs and exponents are
inverse properties.
 If loga x = loga y, then x = y.
 loga x is only defined when x > 0.
 logbc ≡ logbax ≡ x·logba
 If bm = bn, then m = n.
 eln x= x (x > 0)
 ln ex= x (for any real number x)
 Example: Solving Simple Exponential and Logarithmic
Exponential

logb N = x → bx = N

If bm = bn, then m = n.

If loga x = loga y, then x = y.

loge x = ln x

If bm = bn, then m = n.

ln ex= x

eln x= x

aloga x = x

aloga x = x
Application of Logarithmic Function on Compound
Interest

Compounding Period n (1+1/n)n

Annually 1
Semiannually 2
Quarterly 4
Monthly 12
Daily 365
Hourly 8760
Every Minute 525,600
Every Second 31,536,000
 Compound Interest

Compounding Period n (1+1/n)n

Annually 1 =2
Semiannually 2 =2.25
Quarterly 4 ≈2.4414
Monthly 12 ≈2.6130
Daily 365 ≈2.71457
Hourly 8760 ≈2.718127
Every Minute 525,600 ≈2.7182792
Every Second 31,536,000 ≈2.7182825

The maximum amount of the P1 investment after

one year is approximately P2.72, no matter how
large n is.
Compound Interest Formula

mt
 r
A P  1  
 m
A = The accumulated amount after mt periods

P = Principal

r = Nominal interest rate per year

m = Number of periods/year

t = Number of years
Example

Find the accumulated amount of money after 5 years if P4,300 is

invested at 6% per year compounded quarterly.

mt
 r
A P  1  
 m
4(5)
 .06 
A 4300  1  
 4 
= P5,791.48
Example

How long will it take an investment of P10,000 to grow to P15,000 if it

earns an interest at the rate of 12% / year compounded quarterly?
Present Value Formula for Compound
Interest

 mt
 r
P A1 
 m
A = The accumulated amount after mt periods

P = Principal
mt
r = Nominal interest rate/year  r
A P  1  
m = Number of periods/year  m
t = Number of years
Example

Find the present value of P4,800 due in 6 years at an interest rate

of 9% per year compounded monthly.

 mt
 r
P A1 
 m
 12(6)
 .09 
P 4800  1  
 12 

≈ 2,802.83
Continuous Compound Interest
Formula

rt
A Pe
A = The accumulated amount after t years

P = Principal
r = Nominal interest rate per year

t = Number of years
Example

Find the accumulated amount of money after 25 years if P7,500 is

invested at 12% per year compounded continuously.

rt
A Pe
A 7500e0.12(25)
≈ 150,641.53
 Example

You have deposited P500 in an account that pays 6.75% interest, compounded
continuously. How long will it take your money to double?
A = Pert
= 500e0.0675t.
1000 = 500e0.0675t
e0.0675t = 2
lne0.0675t = ln 2
0.0675t = ln 2

t  10.27

The balance in the account will double after approximately 10.27 years.
Exponential Growth and Decay
Example 1: Population Growth and
Decay
 A newly formed lake is stocked with 900 fish. After 6 months,
biologists estimate there are 1710 fish in the lake. Assuming the fish
population grows exponentially, how many fish will there be after 24
months?
y = abx
1710 = 900b6
b6 = 1.9
b = (1.9) 1/6

y = abx
y = 900 [(1.9) 1/6 ]24
y = 11,728.89
y 11,7289 fish
There will be about 11,729 fish in the lake after 24 months.
Example 2: Population Growth and
Decay

The fish population in a local stream is decreasing at a rate of

3% per year. The original population was 48,000. Write an
exponential decay function to model this situation. Then find
the population after 7 years.
y = abx
y = a(1 – r)x
y = 48,000(1 –
0.03)7
y= 48,000(0.97)7
y≈ 38,783
The population after 7 years will be approximately 38,783 fish
 Lesson Quiz

1. Marta has a savings account that pays 1.5% interest

annually. She has not made any deposits or withdrawals for
many years. Suppose that her current balance is P4,516.32.
How much money was in her account 5 years ago?

2. Of all the users of the web service Twitter, Lady Gaga

(@ladygaga) has the most followers. At the start of year 2010,
she had 3,200,000 followers. Her number of followers has
been steadily increasing by 8% each month. How many
followers did @ladygaga have at the start of 2011?

you should use your calculator.

 Lesson Quiz

1. Marta has a savings account that pays 1.5% interest

annually. She has not made any deposits or withdrawals for
many years. Suppose that her current balance is P4,516.32.
How much money was in her account
 mt 5 years ago?
 r
P A1 
 m

P= 4516.32 (1+0.15)–5

P= 4192.32

So the balance 5 years ago was P4,192.32

 Lesson Quiz

2. Of all the users of the web service Twitter, Lady Gaga

(@ladygaga) has the most followers. At the start of year 2010,
she had 3,200,000 followers. Her number of followers has
been steadily increasing by 8% each month. How many
followers did @ladygaga have at the start of 2011?
y = abx
y = a(1 + r)x
y = 3,200,000(1 + 0.08)12
y = 3,200,000(1.08)12
y≈ 8,058,144
So a little over 8 million followers
 Lesson Quiz
Write a compound interest function to model each situation. Then find the
balance after the given number of years.
1. The number of employees at a certain company is 1440 and is increasing
at a rate of 1.5% per year. Write an exponential growth function to model
this situation. Then find the number of employees in the company after 9
years.
2. P12,000 invested at a rate of 6% compounded quarterly; 15 years

3. P 500 invested at a rate of 2.5% compounded annually; 10 years

4. The deer population of a game preserve is decreasing by 2% per year. The

original population was 1850. Write an exponential decay function to
model the situation. Then find the population after 4 years.

5. Iodine-131 has a half-life of about 8 days. Find the amount left from a 30-
gram sample of iodine-131 after 40 days.