Module 2

Functions
1. “def” Statements with Parameters
2. Return Values and return Statements
3. The None Value
4. Keyword Arguments and print()

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Functions

• A function is like a mini-program within a program.

• Python provides several builtin functions like print(), input(), and len() etc.,

• It also allow to write own functions.

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Functions

Defines a function hello().

Body of the function

Function calls

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

def Statements with Parameters
• A parameter is a variable that an argument is stored in when a function is called.

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Return Values and return Statements
• The value that a function call evaluates to is called the return value of the function.
• While creating a function using the def statement, specify what the return value
should be with a return statement.
• A return statement consists of the following:
• The return keyword
• The value or expression that the function should return

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming
The None Value
• None - represents the absence of a value
• None is the only value of the NoneType data type.

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Keyword Arguments and print()
• Keyword arguments are often used for optional parameters.

• For example,
• end to specify what should be printed at the end of its arguments

• sep to specify what should be printed between its arguments

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 Functions
1. Local and Global Scope
2. The global Statement

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Local and Global Scope

• Parameters and variables that are assigned in a called function are exist in that
function’s local scope called a local variable.

• Variables that are assigned outside all functions are said to exist in the global
scope is called a global variable.

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Local Scopes Cannot Use Variables in Other Local
Scopes

• Output will be99

• But not 0

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Global Variables Can Be Read from a Local Scope

• Output will be 42 for both print

statements

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Local and Global Variables with the Same Name

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

The global Statement
• If you need to modify a global variable from within a function, use the global statement

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 Functions

1. Exception Handling
2. A Short Program: Guess the Number

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Exception Handling

• Getting an error, or exception, in program means the entire program will crash.

• This should not happen in real-world programs.

• Instead, the program should detect errors, handle them, and then continue to run.

• Errors can be handled with try and except statements

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Exception Handling

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Exception Handling

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

A Short Program: Guess the Number

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming
 Module 2
Lists:
The List Data Type, Working with Lists, Augmented Assignment
Operators, Methods,

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

The List Data Type
• A list is a value that contains multiple values in an ordered sequence.

• A list value looks like this: ['cat', 'bat', 'rat', 'elephant'].

• Just as string values are typed with quote characters to mark where the string begins and ends, a
list begins and ends with square bracket, [].

• Values inside the list are also called items. Items are separated with commas ,
• The value [] is an empty list that contains no values, similar to '', the empty string.

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

The List Data Type

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Getting Individual Values in a List
with Indexes

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

List with Invalid Indexes

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Getting Individual Values in a List
with Indexes
• Lists can also contain other list values.
• The values in these lists of lists can be accessed using multiple indexes

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Negative Indexes
While indexes start at 0 and go up, you can also use negative integers for
the index.
1. The integer value -1 refers to the last index in a list.
2. The value -2 refers to the second-to-last index in a list, and so on

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Getting Sublists with Slices
• A Slice can get several values from a list, in the form of a new list.
• A slice is typed between square brackets, like an index, but it has two integers
separated by a colon :
• spam[2] is a list with an index (one integer).
• spam[1:4] is a list with a slice (two integers).

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Getting Sublists with Slices
• As a shortcut, you can leave out one or both of the indexes on either side of the colon in the slice.
• Leaving out the first index is the same as using 0, or the beginning of the list.
• Leaving out the second index is the same as using the length of the list, which will slice to the end of the
list.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Python List Methods

1.append() adds an element to the end of the list

2.extend() adds all elements of a list to another list
3.insert() inserts an item at the defined index
4.remove() removes an item from the list
5.pop() returns and removes an element at the
given index
6.clear() removes all items from the list

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Python List Methods

7.index() returns the index of the first matched item

8.count() returns the count of the number times the
specified element appears in the list.
9.sort() sort items in a list in ascending order
10.reverse() reverse the order of items in the list
11.copy() returns a shallow copy of the list

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 1. append()
• adds an element to the end of the list
currencies = ['Dollar', 'Euro', 'Pound']

# append 'Yen' to the list

currencies.append('Yen')

print(currencies)

# Output: ['Dollar', 'Euro', 'Pound', 'Yen']

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 2.extend()
• adds all elements of a list to another list
# create a list
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5]
# create another list
numbers = [1, 4]
# add all elements of prime_numbers to numbers
numbers.extend(prime_numbers)
print('List after extend():', numbers)
# Output: List after extend(): [1, 4, 2, 3, 5]

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 3. insert()
• inserts an item at the defined index
# create a list of vowels
vowel = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'u']
#insert ‘o’ at index 3 (4th position)
vowel.insert(3, 'o')
print('List:', vowel)
# Output: List: ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 4.remove()
• removes an item from the list
# create a list
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
# remove 9 from the list
prime_numbers.remove(9)
# Updated prime_numbers List
print('Updated List: ', prime_numbers)
# Output: Updated List: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
NB: removes the first matching element (which is passed as an
argument) from the list.
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
5. pop()returns and removes an element at the given index
# create a list of prime numbers
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7]
# remove the element at index 2
removed_element = prime_numbers.pop(2)
print('Removed Element:', removed_element)
print('Updated List:', prime_numbers)
# Output:
# Removed Element: 5
# Updated List: [2, 3, 7]
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
 6. index()
• returns the index of the first matched item

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'rabbit', 'horse']

# get the index of 'dog'
index = animals.index('dog')
print(index)
# Output: 1

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 7.count()
• returns the count of the number of times the specified element appears in
the list.

# create a list
numbers = [2, 3, 5, 2, 11, 2, 7]
# check the count of 2
count = numbers.count(2)
print('Count of 2:', count)
# Output: Count of 2: 3
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
 9.sort()
• sort items in a list in ascending order

prime_numbers = [11, 3, 7, 5, 2]
# sort the list
prime_numbers.sort()
print(prime_numbers)
# Output: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 10.reverse()
• reverse the order of items in the list
# create a list of prime numbers
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7]
# reverse the order of list elements
prime_numbers.reverse()
print('Reversed List:', prime_numbers)
# Output: Reversed List: [7, 5, 3, 2]

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 11.copy()
• returns a shallow copy of the list

# mixed list
prime_numbers = [2, 3, 5]
# copying a list
numbers = prime_numbers.copy()
print('Copied List:', numbers)
# Output: Copied List: [2, 3, 5]

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Getting a List’s Length with len()

>>> spam = ['cat', 'dog', 'moose']

>>> len(spam)
3

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Changing Values in a List with
Indexes

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

List Concatenation and List
Replication
>>> [1, 2, 3] + ['A', 'B', 'C']
[1, 2, 3, 'A', 'B', 'C']
>>> ['X', 'Y', 'Z'] * 3
['X', 'Y', 'Z', 'X', 'Y', 'Z', 'X', 'Y', 'Z']
>>> spam = [1, 2, 3]
>>> spam = spam + ['A', 'B', 'C']
>>> spam
[1, 2, 3, 'A', 'B', 'C']

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Removing Values from Lists with del
Statements
• The del statement will delete values at an index in a list.
• All of the values in the list after the deleted value will be moved up one index.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Working with Lists
• Creating many individual variables to store a group of similar values

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Working with Lists
print('Enter the name of cat 1:')
catName1 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 2:')
catName2 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 3:')
catName3 = input()
print('Enter the name of cat 4:')
catName4 = input()
print('The cat names are:') print(catName1 + ' ' + catName2 + ' ' + catName3 + ' ' +
catName4 + ' ' + catName5 + ' ' + catName6)
• It turns out that this is a bad way to write code

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Enter the name of cat 1 (Or enter nothing to stop.):
Zophie
Enter the name of cat 2 (Or enter nothing to stop.):
Pooka
Enter the name of cat 3 (Or enter nothing to stop.):
Simon
Enter the name of cat 4 (Or enter nothing to stop.):
Lady Macbeth
Enter the name of cat 5 (Or enter nothing to stop.):
Fat-tail
The cat names are: Zophie Pooka Simon Lady
Macbeth Fat-tail
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
 Working with Lists
• Instead of using multiple, repetitive variables, use a single variable that contains a
list value
catNames = []
while True:
print('Enter the name of cat ' + str(len(catNames) + 1) +
' (Or enter nothing to stop.):')
name = input()
if name == '':
break
catNames = catNames + [name] # list concatenation
print('The cat names are:')
for name in catNames:
print(' ' + name)
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
Using for Loops with Lists
for loop repeats the code block once for each value in a list or list-like value

output
Example for i in [0, 1, 2, 3]: 0
for i in range(4): print(i) 1
print(i) 2
3
It loop through its clause with the variable i set to a successive value
in the [0, 1, 2, 3] list in each iteration

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Using for Loops with Lists
• A common Python technique is to use range(len(someList)) with a for loop to iterate
over the indexes of a list

supplies = ['pens', 'staplers', 'flame-throwers', 'binders']

for i in range(len(supplies)):
print('Index ' + str(i) + ' in supplies is: ' + supplies[i])

Index 0 in supplies is: pens

Index 1 in supplies is: staplers
Index 2 in supplies is: flame-throwers
Index 3 in supplies is: binder
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
The in and not in Operators
• You can determine whether a value is or isn’t in a list
• used in expressions and connect two values
>>> 'howdy' in ['hello', 'hi', 'howdy', 'heyas']
True
>>> spam = ['hello', 'hi', 'howdy', 'heyas']
>>> 'cat' in spam
False
>>> 'howdy' not in spam
False
>>> 'cat' not in spam
True

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 The Multiple Assignment Trick
• The multiple assignment trick is a shortcut that lets you assign multiple variables with the
values in a list in one line of code.
>>> cat = ['fat', 'black', 'loud'] >>> cat = ['fat', 'black', 'loud']
>>> size = cat[0] >>> size, color, disposition = cat
>>> color = cat[1]
>>> disposition = cat[2]

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

NB:The number of variables and the length of the list must be exactly equal,
or Python will give you a ValueError:

>>> cat = ['fat', 'black', 'loud']

>>> size, color, disposition, name = cat
ValueError: need more than 3 values to unpack

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Augmented Assignment Operators
>>> spam = 42
>>> spam = spam + 1 >>> spam += 1
>>> spam
43

Augmented assignment statement Equivalent assignment statement

spam = spam + 1 spam += 1
spam = spam – 1 spam -= 1
spam = spam * 1 spam *= 1
spam = spam / 1 spam /= 1
spam = spam % 1 spam %= 1

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Methods
• A method is the same thing as a function, except it is “called on” a value.
• index() Method
• append() and insert() Methods
• remove()
• sort() Method

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Finding a Value in a List with the
index() Method

When there are duplicates of the value in the list, the index of its first appearance is returned.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Adding Values to Lists with the append() and insert()
Methods

append() insert()

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Removing Values from Lists with
remove()

If the value appears multiple times in the list, only the first instance of the value will be removed.

Attempting to delete a value that does not exist in the list

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Sorting the Values in a List with the
sort() Method
>>> spam = [2, 5, 3.14, 1, -7]
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
[-7, 1, 2, 3.14, 5]
>>> spam = ['ants', 'cats', 'dogs', 'badgers', 'elephants']
>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
['ants', 'badgers', 'cats', 'dogs', 'elephants']

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Sorting the Values in a List with the
sort() Method
You can also pass True for the reverse keyword argument to have sort() sort the values in reverse order.

>>> spam = ['ants', 'cats', 'dogs', 'badgers', 'elephants']

>>> spam.sort(reverse=True)
>>> spam
['elephants', 'dogs', 'cats', 'badgers', 'ants']

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Sorting the Values in a List with the
sort() Method
cannot sort lists that have both number values and string values in them
>>> spam = [1, 3, 2, 4, 'Alice', 'Bob']
>>> spam.sort()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#70>", line 1, in <module>
spam.sort()
TypeError: unorderable types: str() < int()

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Sorting the Values in a List with the
sort() Method
sort() uses “ASCIIbetical order” rather than actual alphabetical
order for sorting strings.
This means uppercase letters come before lowercase letters.

>>> spam = ['Alice', 'ants', 'Bob', 'badgers', 'Carol', 'cats']

>>> spam.sort()
>>> spam
['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'ants', 'badgers', 'cats']

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Sorting the Values in a List with the
sort() Method
To sort the values in regular alphabetical order pass str. lower for the key keyword argument in the sort()
method call.,

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Example Program: Magic 8 Ball
with a List

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

def match_words(words):
ctr = 0

for word in words:

if len(word) > 1 and word[0] == word[-1]:
ctr += 1
return ctr

print(match_words(['abc', 'xyz', 'aba', '1221']))

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

List-like Types: Strings and Tuples
• Lists aren’t the only data types that represent ordered sequences of values.
• For example, strings and lists are actually similar, if you consider a string to be a
“list” of single text characters.
• Many of the things you can do with lists can also be done with strings:
indexing;
slicing;
Using them with for loops,
len(),
in and not in operators.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Example
>>> name[0:4]
>>> name = 'Zophie'
'Zoph'
>>> name[0]
>>> 'Zo' in name
'Z'
True
>>> name[-2]
>>> 'z' in name
'i'
False
>>> 'p' not in name
False

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

>>> name = ‘REJI’
>>> for i in name: print('* * * ' + i + ' * * *’)

***R***
* * *E * * *
***J***
***I***

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Mutable and Immutable Data
Types
• A list value is a mutable data type: It can have values added, removed, or changed.
• A string is immutable: It cannot be changed. Trying to reassign a single character in a
string results in a TypeError error,

>>> name = 'Zophie a cat'

>>> name[7] = 'the'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#50>", line 1, in <module>
name[7] = 'the'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item
assignment
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
• The proper way to “mutate” a string is to use slicing and concatenation
• >>> name = 'Zophie a cat'
• >>> newName = name[0:7] + 'the' + name[8:12]
• >>> name
• 'Zophie a cat'
• >>> newName
• 'Zophie the cat'

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

The Tuple Data Type
• The tuple data type is almost identical to the list data type, except in two ways.
• Tuples are typed with parentheses, ( and ),
• Tuples are immutable

>>> eggs = ('hello', 42, 0.5)

>>> eggs[0]
'hello'
>>> eggs[1:3]
(42, 0.5)
>>> len(eggs)
3

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 like strings, tuples are immutable.
Tuples cannot have their values modified, appended, or removed.

>>> eggs = ('hello', 42, 0.5)

>>> eggs[1] = 99
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
eggs[1] = 99
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item
assignment

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Converting Types with the list() and tuple()
Functions
>>> tuple(['cat', 'dog', 5])
('cat', 'dog', 5)
>>> list(('cat', 'dog', 5))
['cat', 'dog', 5]
>>> list('hello')
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Mutable List

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Mutable List :del and append can be used

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 References
Variables store strings and integer values
>>> spam = 42
>>> cheese = spam
>>> spam = 100
>>> spam 100
>>> cheese 42

NB:change the value in one variable doesn’t affect the value in

another variable.

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 References
• When you assign a list to a variable, you are actually assigning a list reference to the
variable.
• list reference is a value that points to a list
>>> spam = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> cheese = spam
>>> cheese[1] = 'Hello!'
>>> spam
[0, 'Hello!', 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> cheese
[0, 'Hello!', 2, 3, 4, 5]
NB:values stored in spam and cheese now both
refer to the same list.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 spam = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Stores a reference to a list, not the actual list.

spam = cheese

copies the reference, not the list

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming
 def eggs(someParameter):
someParameter.append('Hello')
print(someParameter)
spam = [1, 2, 3]
eggs(spam)
print(spam)
[1, 2, 3, 'Hello']

When a function is called,

• The values of the arguments are copied to the parameter variables
• In case of list, copy of refrence are copied

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 The copy Module’s copy() and deepcopy()
Functions
• If the function modifies the list or dictionary that is passed, you may not want these changes in the
original list or dictionary value.
• For this, Python provides a module named copy that provides both the copy() and deepcopy() functions.
• The deepcopy() function is used to copy if list is having multiple lists as .

>>> import copy

>>> spam = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
>>> cheese = copy.copy(spam)
>>> cheese>>> spam[1] = 42

['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

>>> cheese
['A', 42, 'C', 'D']
Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming
 Module 3
Dictionaries and Strings

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

The Dictionary Data Type
• A dictionary is a collection of many values.
• But unlike indexes for lists, indexes for dictionaries can use many different
data types, not just integers.
• Indexes for dictionaries are called keys, and a key with its associated value is
called a key-value pair.
• a dictionary is typed with braces, {}

>>> myCat = {'size': 'fat', 'color': 'gray', 'disposition': 'loud'}

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 The Dictionary Data Type
You can access these values through their keys
>>> myCat['size']
'fat'
>>> 'My cat has ' + myCat['color'] + ' fur.'
'My cat has gray fur.'
• Dictionaries can still use integer values as keys, just like lists use integers for indexes
• Dictionary indexes do not have to start at 0

>>> spam = {12345: 'Luggage Combination', 42: 'The Answer'}

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Dictionaries vs. Lists
There is no “first” item in a dictionary
It does not matter in what order the key-value pairs are typed in a dictionary
Since dictionaries are not ordered, they can’t be sliced like lists.

>>> spam = ['cats', 'dogs', 'moose']

>>> bacon = ['dogs', 'moose', 'cats']
>>> spam == bacon
False
>>> eggs = {'name': 'Zophie', 'species': 'cat', 'age': '8'}
>>> ham = {'species': 'cat', 'age': '8', 'name': 'Zophie'}
>>> eggs == ham
True
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
“out-of-range” IndexError

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Example
birthdays = {'Alice': 'Apr 1', 'Bob': 'Dec 12', 'Carol': 'Mar 4'}
while True:
print('Enter a name: (blank to quit)')
name = input()
if name == '':
break
if name in birthdays:
print(birthdays[name] + ' is the birthday of ' + name)
else:
print('I do not have birthday information for ' + name)
print('What is their birthday?')
bday = input()
birthdays[name] = bday
print('Birthday database updated.')
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
The keys(), values(), and items()
Methods
• They are dictionary methods that will return list-like values of the dictionary’s
keys, values, or both keys and values.
• The values returned by these methods are not true lists:
• They cannot be modified and do not have an append() method.

>>> spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}

>>> for v in spam.values():
print(v)
red
42
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
 spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}
for k in spam.keys(): A for loop can iterate over the keys
print(k)
Output
color
age
for i in spam.items(): A for loop iterate over both keys and values:
print(i)

Output
('color', 'red')
('age', 42)

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 Printing true list from one of these methods

>>> spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}

>>> spam.keys()

dict_keys(['color', 'age'])

>>> list(spam.keys())

['color', 'age']

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 Multiple assignment trick in for loop
• Used to assign the key and value to separate variables .

spam = {'color': 'red', 'age': 42}

for k, v in spam.items():
print('Key: ' + k + ' Value: ' + str(v))
Key: color Value: red
Key: age Value: 42

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Checking Whether a Key or Value Exists in a
Dictionary >>> spam = {'name': 'Zophie', 'age': 7}
>>> 'name' in spam.keys()
True
>>> 'Zophie' in spam.values()
True
>>> 'color' in spam.keys()
False
>>> 'color' not in spam.keys()
True
>>> 'color' in spam
False

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

The get() Method
• Used to check whether a key exists in a dictionary before accessing that key’s
value
• Takes two arguments:
The key of the value to retrieve
A fallback value to return if that key does not exist.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Example 1
>>> picnicItems = {'apples': 5, 'cups': 2}
>>> 'I am bringing ' + str(picnicItems['eggs']) + ' eggs.'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#34>", line 1, in <module>
'I am bringing ' + str(picnicItems['eggs']) + ' eggs.'
KeyError: 'eggs'

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 Example 2
>>> picnicItems = {'apples': 5, 'cups': 2}
>>> 'I am bringing ' + str(picnicItems.get('cups', 0)) + ' cups.'
'I am bringing 2 cups.'
>>> 'I am bringing ' + str(picnicItems.get('eggs', 0)) + ' eggs.'
'I am bringing 0 eggs.'

NB: There is no 'eggs' key in the picnicItems dictionary, the default

value 0 is returned by the get() method

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 The setdefault() Method
• To set a value in a dictionary for a certain key only if that key does not already have a value

spam = {'name': ‘aa', 'age': 5}

if 'color' not in spam:
spam['color'] = 'black'
• The setdefault() method offers a way to do this in one line of code.
>>> spam = {'name': ‘aa', 'age': 5} >>> spam.setdefault('color', 'white')
>>> spam.setdefault('color', 'black') 'black'
'black' >>> spam
>>> spam {'color': 'black', 'age': 5, 'name': ‘aa'}
{'color': 'black', 'age': 5, 'name': ‘aa'}

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

The first time setdefault() is called,
the dictionary in spam changes to {'color': 'black', 'age': 5, 'name': 'Pooka'}. The
method returns the value 'black' because this is now the value set for the key 'color'.
The second time
spam.setdefault('color', 'white') is called next, the value for that key is not changed
to 'white' because spam already has a key named 'color'.

setdefault() method is a nice shortcut to ensure that a key

exists.

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Example program
message = 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks
were striking thirteen.'
count = {}
for character in message:
count.setdefault(character, 0)
count[character] = count[character] + 1
print(count)

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 Example program -2 count = {}
message = ‘ABCA' count = {‘A’:0}
character=a
count = {} count = {‘A’:1}
for character in message:
count.setdefault(character, 0) character=b count = {‘A’:1,B:0}
count[character] = count[character] + 1
count = {‘A’:1,B:1}
print(count)
count = {‘A’:1,’B’:1,’C’:0}
character=c
count = {‘A’:1,’B’:1,’C’:1}

character=a count = {‘A’:2,’B’:1,’C’:1}

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Pretty Printing
• import the pprint module
• the pprint() and pformat() functions that will “pretty print” a dictionary’s values.
• This is helpful when you want a cleaner display of the items in a dictionary than what print()
provides.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

import pprint
message = 'It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen.'
count = {}
for character in message:
count.setdefault(character, 0)
count[character] = count[character] + 1
pprint.pprint(count)

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

Using Data Structures to Model Real-World
Things

• A Tic-Tac-Toe Board

theBoard = {'top-L': ' ', 'top-M': ' ', 'top-R': ' ',
'mid-L': ' ', 'mid-M': ' ', 'mid-R': ' ',
'low-L': ' ', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': ' '}

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 theBoard = {'top-L': ' ', 'top-M': ' ', 'top-R': ' ',
‘mid-L’:’ ’, mid-M': 'X', 'mid-R': '
',
'low-L': ' ', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': '
'}

theBoard = {'top-L': 'O', 'top-M': ‘O', 'top-R': ‘O',

‘mid-L’:’X’, mid-M': 'X', 'mid-R':
' ',
'low-L': ' ', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R':
‘X'}

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

theBoard = {'top-L': ' ', 'top-M': ' ', 'top-R': ' ',
'mid-L': ' ', 'mid-M': ' ', 'mid-R': ' ',
'low-L': ' ', 'low-M': ' ', 'low-R': ' '}
def printBoard(board):
print(board['top-L'] + '|' + board['top-M'] + '|' + board['top-R'])
print('-+-+-')
print(board['mid-L'] + '|' + board['mid-M'] + '|' + board['mid-R'])
print('-+-+-')
print(board['low-L'] + '|' + board['low-M'] + '|' + board['low-R'])

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

turn = 'X'
for i in range(9):
printBoard(theBoard)
print('Turn for ' + turn + '. Move on which
space?')
move = input()
theBoard[move] = turn
if turn == 'X':
turn = 'O'
else:
turn = 'X‘
printBoard(theBoard)

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Nested Dictionaries and Lists
• Dictionaries and lists that contain other dictionaries and lists

allGuests = {'Alice': {'apples': 5, ‘orange': 12},

'Bob': {'sandwiches': 3, 'apples': 2},
'Carol': {‘orange': 3, 'apple': 1}}

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Working with Strings
• String Literals
• They begin and end with a single quote.
• Typing 'That is Alice's cat.' won’t work, because Python thinks the string ends after
Alice, and the rest (s cat.')
• Double Quotes
• Strings can begin and end with double quotes, just as they do with single quotes.
• >>> spam = "That is Alice's cat."

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

 Module 3
Manipulating Strings

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Working
• Escape Characters
with Strings
• An escape character lets you use characters that are otherwise impossible to put
into a string.
• An escape character consists of a backslash (\) followed by the character you want
to add to the string
• spam = 'Say hi to Bob\'s mother.'

Escape character Prints as

\' Single quote
\" Double quote
\t Tab
\n Newline (line break)
\\ Backslash
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
Working with Strings
• Raw Strings
• If you place an r before the beginning quotation mark of a
string it makes a raw string.
• A raw string completely ignores all escape characters and
prints any backslash that appears in the string.
• >>> print(r 'That is Carol\'s cat.')
That is Carol\'s cat.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Working with Strings
• Multiline Strings with Triple Quotes
• A multiline string in Python begins and ends with either three single quotes or
three double quotes.
• Any quotes, tabs, or newlines in between the “triple quotes” are considered part
of the string.
• Python’s indentation rules for blocks do not apply to lines inside a multiline string.
Print('''Dear Alice,
Eve's cat has been arrested for catnapping, cat burglary, and extortion.
Sincerely,
Bob''')

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Working with Strings
• Multiline Comments
• While the hash character (#) marks the beginning of a comment for the
rest of the line, a multiline string is often used for comments that span
multiple lines.
"""This is a test Python program.
Written by Al Sweigart [email protected]
This program was designed for Python 3, not Python 2.
"""
def spam():
"""This is a multiline comment to help
explain what the spam() function does."""
print('Hello!')
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
Working with Strings
• Indexing and Slicing Strings
• Strings use indexes and slices the same way lists do.
>>> spam = 'Hello world!'
>>> spam[0]
'H'
>>> spam[4]
'o'
>>> spam[-1]
'!'
>>> spam[0:5]
'Hello'
>>> spam[:5]
'Hello'
>>> spam[6:]
'world!'
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
Working with Strings
• The in and not in Operators with Strings
>>> 'Hello' in 'Hello World'
True
>>> 'Hello' in 'Hello'
True
>>> 'HELLO' in 'Hello World'
False
>>> '' in 'spam'
True
>>> 'cats' not in 'cats and dogs'
False

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Useful String Methods
• The upper(), lower(), isupper(), and islower() String Methods
• The upper() and lower() string methods return a new string where all the letters in the original string have been converted to
uppercase or lowercase, respectively.

>>> spam = 'Hello world!'

>>> spam = spam.upper()
>>> spam
'HELLO WORLD!'
>>> spam = spam.lower()
>>> spam
'hello world!'

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Useful String Methods
• The isupper() and islower() methods will return a Boolean True value if the string has at least one
letter and all the letters are uppercase or lowercase, respectively. Otherwise, the method returns
False.
>>> spam = 'Hello world!'
>>> spam.islower()
False
>>> spam.isupper()
False
>>> 'HELLO'.isupper()
True
>>> 'abc12345'.islower()
True
>>> '12345'.islower()
False
>>> '12345'.isupper()
False
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
Useful String Methods
• The isX String Methods
• Like islower() and isupper(), there are several string methods that have names beginning with the
word is.
• isalpha() returns True if the string consists only of letters and is not blank.
• isalnum() returns True if the string consists only of letters and numbers and is not blank.
• isdecimal() returns True if the string consists only of numeric characters and is not blank.
• isspace() returns True if the string consists only of spaces, tabs, and newlines and is not blank.
• istitle() returns True if the string consists only of words that begin with an uppercase letter followed
by only lowercase letters.

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Useful String Methods
while True:
print('Enter your age:')
age = input()
if age.isdecimal():
break
print('Please enter a number for your age.')
while True:
print('Select a new password (letters and numbers only):')
password = input()
if password.isalnum():
break
print('Passwords can only have letters and numbers.')

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Useful String Methods
• The startswith() and endswith() String Methods
• The startswith() and endswith() methods return True if the string value they are called on begins or
ends
>>> 'Hello world!'.startswith('Hello')
True
>>> 'Hello world!'.endswith('world!')
True
>>> 'abc123'.startswith('abcdef')
False
>>> 'abc123'.endswith('12')
False
>>> 'Hello world!'.startswith('Hello world!')
True
>>> 'Hello world!'.endswith('Hello world!')
True

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Useful String Methods
• The join() and split() String Methods
• The join() method is useful when you have a list of strings that need to be
joined together into a single string value.
• The split() method does the opposite: It’s called on a string value and returns a
list of strings

>>> ', '.join(['cats', 'rats', 'bats']) >>> 'My name is Reji'.split()

'cats, rats, bats' ['My', 'name', 'is', ‘Reji']
>>> ' '.join(['My', 'name', 'is', ‘Reji']) a=‘Reji Thomas’
'My name is Reji' r=a.split()
>>> 'ABC'.join(['My', 'name', 'is', ‘Reji']) print(r)
'MyABCnameABCisABCSisReji' [‘Reij’, ‘Thomas’]

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Useful String Methods
• Justifying Text with rjust(), ljust(), and center()
• The rjust() and ljust() string methods return a padded version of the string they
are called on, with spaces inserted to justify the text.
• The center() string method works like ljust() and rjust() but centers

>>> 'Hello'.rjust(10) >>> 'Hello'.rjust(20, '*')

' Hello' '***************Hello'
>>> 'Hello'.rjust(20) >>> 'Hello'.ljust(20, '-')
‘ Hello' 'Hello---------------’
>>> 'Hello World'.ljust(20) >>>'Hello'.center(20)
‘Hello World ' ‘ Hello '
>>> 'Hello'.ljust(10) >>> 'Hello'.center(20, '=')
'Hello ' '=======Hello========'
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
 Useful String Methods
def printPicnic(itemsDict, leftWidth, rightWidth): ---PICNIC ITEMS--
print('PICNIC ITEMS'.center(leftWidth + rightWidth, '-')) sandwiches.. 4
for k, v in itemsDict.items(): apples...... 12
print(k.ljust(leftWidth, '.') + str(v).rjust(rightWidth))
cups........ 4
cookies..... 8000
-------PICNIC ITEMS-------
picnicItems = {'sandwiches': 4, 'apples': 12, 'cups': 4, 'cookies': 8000} sandwiches.......... 4
printPicnic(picnicItems, 12, 5) apples.............. 12
printPicnic(picnicItems, 20, 6) cups................ 4
cookies............. 8000

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Useful String Methods
• Removing Whitespace with strip(), rstrip(), and lstrip()
• strip off whitespace characters (space, tab, and newline) from the left side,
right side, or both sides of a string.
• The strip() string method will return a new string without any whitespace

>>> spam =
'SpamSpamBaconSpamEggsSpamSpa
>>> spam = ' Hello World '
m'
>>> spam.strip()
>>> spam.strip(‘mapS')
'Hello World'
'BaconSpamEggs'
>>> spam.lstrip()
'Hello World '
>>> spam.rstrip()
‘ Hello World'23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
Useful String Methods
• Copying and Pasting Strings with the pyperclip Module
• The pyperclip module has copy() and paste() functions that can send text to
and receive text from your computer’s clipboard.
• Sending the output of your program to the clipboard will make it easy to paste
it to an email, word processor, or some other software.

>>> import pyperclip

>>> pyperclip.copy('Hello world!')
>>> pyperclip.paste()
'Hello world!'

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Project: Password Locker
• Step 1: Program Design and Data Structures
• Step 2: Handle Command Line Arguments
• Step 3: Copy the Right Password

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Project: Password Locker
#! python3
# pw.py - An insecure password locker program.
PASSWORDS = {'email': 'F7minlBDDuvMJuxESSKHFhTxFtjVB6',
'blog': 'VmALvQyKAxiVH5G8v01if1MLZF3sdt',
'luggage': '12345'}
import sys, pyperclip
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: py pw.py [account] - copy account password')
sys.exit()
account = sys.argv[1] # first command line arg is the account name

if account in PASSWORDS:
pyperclip.copy(PASSWORDS[account])
print('Password for ' + account + ' copied to clipboard.')
else:
print('There is23PLCS21-
no account named
Introduction ' + account)
to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
Project: Adding Bullets to Wiki
Markup
• Step 1: Copy and Paste from the Clipboard
• Step 2: Separate the Lines of Text and Add the Star
• Step 3: Join the Modified Lines

23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B

Project: Adding Bullets to Wiki
Markup
#! python3
# bulletPointAdder.py - Adds Wikipedia bullet points to the start
# of each line of text on the clipboard.

import pyperclip
text = pyperclip.paste()

# Separate lines and add stars.

lines = text.split('\n')
for i in range(len(lines)): # loop through all indexes for "lines" list
lines[i] = '* ' + lines[i] # add star to each string in "lines" list
text = '\n'.join(lines)
pyperclip.copy(text)
23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming Dr.Pallavi H B
• A A’

Dr.Pallavi H B 23PLCS21- Introduction to Python Programming

 Regular expressions
Regular Expressions, often shortened as regex, are a sequence of
characters used to check whether a pattern exists in a given text
(string) or not
‘Hi every one my contact no. is 444-123-4567’
To find a phone number in a string.
You know the pattern:
Three numbers, a hyphen, three numbers, a hyphen, and four numbers.
Here’s an example:
415-555-4242
+91-9883443344

18CS55 Application Development Using Python Prof.Reji Thomas

 18CS55
Finding Patterns of Text Without Regular
Expressions
def isPhoneNumber(text): if text[7] != '-':
if len(text) != 12: return False
return False for i in range(8, 12):
for i in range(0, 3): if not text[i].isdecimal():
if not text[i].isdecimal(): return False
return False return True
if text[3] != '-': print('415-555-4242 is a phone number:')
return False print(isPhoneNumber('415-555-4242'))
for i in range(4, 7): print('Moshi moshi is a phone number:')
if not text[i].isdecimal(): print(isPhoneNumber('Moshi moshi')
return False
415-555-4242 is a phone number:
True
Moshi moshi is a phone number:
 18CS55
Finding Patterns of Text Without Regular
Expressions
def isPhoneNumber(text): if text[7] != '-':
if len(text) != 12: return False
return False for i in range(8, 12):
for i in range(0, 3): if not text[i].isdecimal():
if not text[i].isdecimal(): return False
return False return True
if text[3] != '-': message = 'Call me at 415-555-1011 tomorrow. 415-555-9999 is my office.'
return False for i in range(len(message)):
for i in range(4, 7): chunk = message[i:i+12]
if not text[i].isdecimal(): if isPhoneNumber(chunk):
return False print('Phone number found: ' + chunk)
print('Done')
 18CS55
Finding Patterns of Text with Regular
Expressions
• The isPhoneNumber() function is 17 lines but can find only one pattern of phone numbers.
• What about a phone number formatted like 415.555.4242 or (415) 555-4242? Or 415-555-4242
x99?
• The isPhoneNumber() function would fail to validate them.
• Regular expressions, called regexes for short, are descriptions for a Pattern of text.
• For example, a \d in a regex stands for a digit character — that is, any single numeral 0 to 9.

The regex \d\d\d-\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d is used.

A string of three numbers, a hyphen, three more numbers, another
hyphen, and four numbers.
A regular expressions can be much more
sophisticated.
Ex.adding a 3 in curly brackets ({3}) after a pattern is
like saying, “Match this pattern three times.”
regex \d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}
\d\d\d-\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d
 18CS55

Creating Regex Objects

• All the regex functions in Python are in the re module.
>>> import re
>>> phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'\d\d\d-\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d’)

returns a Regex pattern object (or simply, a Regex object).

The syntax involves backslash-escaped characters, and to prevent these

characters from being interpreted as escape sequences; you use the
raw r prefix.
 18CS55

Matching Regex Objects

1.Import the regex module with import re.
2.Create a Regex object with the re.compile() function. (use a raw string.)
3.Pass the string you want to search into the Regex object’s search() method. This returns a
Match object.
4.Call the Match object’s group() method to return a string of the actual matched text.

• compile function returns a Regex pattern object (or simply, a Regex object).
• search function:- scan through the given string/sequence, looking for the first
location where the regular expression produces a match.
• group function returns the string matched by the re
Example Program
import re
phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'\d\d\d-\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d')
mo = phoneNumRegex.search('My number is 415-555-4242 and 431-444-242.')
print('Phone number found: ' + mo.group())
Output
Phone number found: 415-555-4242
 18CS55
More Pattern Matching with Regular
Expressions
• Grouping with Parentheses
>>> phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'(\d\d\d)-(\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d)')
>>> mo = phoneNumRegex.search('My number is 415-555-4242.')
>>> mo.group(1)
'415' >>> mo.groups()
>>> mo.group(2) ('415', '555-4242')
'555-4242' >>> areaCode, mainNumber = mo.groups()
>>> mo.group(0) >>> print(areaCode)
'415-555-4242' 415
>>> mo.group() >>> print(mainNumber)
'415-555-4242' 555-4242

Adding parentheses will create groups in the regex:

 18CS55
More Pattern Matching with Regular
Expressions
• Matching Multiple Groups with the Pipe
• The | character is called a pipe.
• Use it anywhere you want to match one of many expressions.

>>> heroRegex = re.compile (r'Batman|Tina Fey')

>>> mo1 = heroRegex.search('Batman and Tina Fey.')
>>> mo1.group()
'Batman'
>>> mo2 = heroRegex.search('Tina Fey and Batman.')
>>> mo2.group()
'Tina Fey'
Use the pipe to match one of several patterns as part of your regex.
• >>> batRegex = re.compile(r'Bat(man|mobile|copter|bat)')
• >>> mo = batRegex.search('Batmobile lost a wheel')
• >>> mo.group()
• 'Batmobile'
• >>> mo.group(1)
• 'mobile'
mo.group() returns the full matched text 'Batmobile',
mo.group(1) returns just the part of the matched text inside the first parentheses
group, 'mobile'
 18CS55
More Pattern Matching with Regular
Expressions
• Optional Matching with the Question Mark
• Sometimes there is a pattern that you want to match only optionally.
• That is, the regex should find a match whether or not that bit of text is there.
• The ? character flags the group that precedes it as an optional part of the pattern.

>>> batRegex = re.compile(r'Bat(wo)?man')

>>> mo1 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batman')
>>> mo1.group()
'Batman'
>>> mo2 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batwoman')
>>> mo2.group()
'Batwoman'
>>> phoneRegex = re.compile(r'(\d\d\d-)?\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d')
>>> mo1 = phoneRegex.search('My number is 415-555-4242')
>>> mo1.group()
'415-555-4242‘
>>> mo2 = phoneRegex.search('My number is 555-4242')
>>> mo2.group()
'555-4242'
 18CS55
More Pattern Matching with Regular
Expressions
• Matching Zero or More with the Star
• The * means “match zero or more”—the group that precedes the star can occur any number of times
in the text
• It can be completely absent or repeated over and over again

>>> batRegex = re.compile(r'Bat(wo)*man')

>>> mo1 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batman')
>>> mo1.group()
'Batman'
>>> mo2 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batwoman')
>>> mo2.group()
'Batwoman'
>>> mo3 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batwowowowoman')
>>> mo3.group()
'Batwowowowoman'
 18CS55
More Pattern Matching with Regular
Expressions
• Matching One or More with the Plus
• The + (or plus) means “match one or more.”
• The group preceding a plus must appear at least once.
• It is not optional.

>>> batRegex = re.compile(r'Bat(wo)+man')

>>> mo1 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batwoman')
>>> mo1.group()
'Batwoman'
>>> mo2 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batwowowowoman')
>>> mo2.group()
'Batwowowowoman‘
>>> mo3 = batRegex.search('The Adventures of Batman')
>>> mo3 == None
True
 18CS55
More Pattern Matching with Regular
Expressions
• Matching Specific Repetitions with Curly Brackets
• If you have a group that you want to repeat a specific number of times,
follow the group in your regex with a number in curly brackets.
• you can specify a range by writing a minimum, a comma, and a maximum
in between the curly brackets.

(Ha){3}
(Ha)(Ha)(Ha)

(Ha){3,5}
((Ha)(Ha)(Ha))|((Ha)(Ha)(Ha)(Ha))|((Ha)(Ha)(Ha)(Ha)(Ha))
 18CS55
More Pattern Matching with Regular
Expressions
• Matching Specific Repetitions with Curly Brackets

>>> haRegex = re.compile(r'(Ha){3}')

>>> mo1 = haRegex.search('HaHaHa')
>>> mo1.group()
'HaHaHa'
>>> mo2 = haRegex.search('Ha')
>>> mo2 == None
True