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DC 1 Const. & Working

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12 views9 pages

DC 1 Const. & Working

Uploaded by

sunil bangar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 1: Working Principle and

Construction of DC
Machine
Presented By:
Mr. Bangar S.K.
DC MACHINE
1) MOTOR: The device which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy is called a MOTOR
2) GENRATOR: The device which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is called GENRATOR

1) Single Loop DC Generator

Figure: Single Loop Generator

In the figure above, a single loop of conductor of rectangular shape is placed between two opposite poles of magnet.
1) Let's us consider, the rectangular loop of conductor is ABCD which rotates inside the magnetic field about its own axis
ab. When the loop rotates from its vertical position to its horizontal position, it cuts the flux lines of the field. As during
this movement two sides, i.e. AB and CD of the loop cut the flux lines there will be an emf induced in these both of the
sides (AB and CD) of the loop.

Figure: Single Loop Generator


2) As the loop is closed there will be a current circulating through the loop. The direction of the current can be determined by
Flemming's right hand Rule. This rule says that if you stretch thumb, index finger and middle finger of your right hand
perpendicular to each other, then thumbs indicates the direction of motion of the conductor, index finger indicates the
direction of magnetic field i.e. N - pole to S - pole, and middle finger indicates the direction of flow of current through the
conductor.
3) Now if we apply this right hand rule, we will see at this horizontal position of the loop, current will flow from point A to B
and on the other side of the loop current will flow from point C to D.
4) Now if we allow the loop to move further, it will come again to its vertical position, but now upper side of the loop will be
CD and lower side will be AB (just opposite of the previous vertical position). At this position the tangential motion of the
sides of the loop is parallel to the flux lines of the field. Hence there will be no question of flux cutting and consequently
there will be no current in the loop. If the loop rotates further, it comes to again in horizontal position. But now, said AB side
of the loop comes in front of N pole and CD comes in front of S pole, i.e. just opposite to the previous horizontal position as
shown in the figure beside.
5) Here the tangential motion of the side of the loop is perpendicular to the flux lines, hence rate of flux cutting is maximum
here and according to Flemming's right hand Rule, at this position current flows from B to A and on other side from D to C.
Now if the loop is continued to rotate about its axis, every time the side AB comes in front of S pole, the current flows from
A to B and when it comes in front of N pole, the current flows from B to A. Similarly, every time the side CD comes in front
of S pole the current flows from C to D and when it comes in front of N pole the current flows from D to C
6) If we observe this phenomena in different way, it can be concluded, that each side of the loop comes in front of N pole,
the current will flow through that side in same direction i.e. downward to the reference plane and similarly each side of the
loop comes in front of S pole, current through it flows in same direction i.e. upwards from reference plane. From this, we
will come to the topic of principle of DC generator. Now the loop is opened and connected it with a split ring as shown in
the figure below. Split ring are made out of a conducting cylinder which cuts into two halves or segments insulated from
each other. The external load terminals are connected with two carbon brushes which are rest on these split slip ring
segments.

Fig: Commutation action


Construction of a DC Machine:

Figure 1: constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine


A DC machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC machine are described below.

1. Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or steel. It not only provides
mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.
2. Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding. They carry field winding and pole
shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap
uniformly.

Figure 2: Pole Core and Poles Shoes representation

3. Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and placed on each pole and are connected
in series. They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they form alternate North and South poles.
4. Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is
cylindrical in shape with slots to carry armature winding. The armature
is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing eddy
current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for
cooling purposes. Armature is keyed to the shaft.

Figure 3: Armature of DC machine


5. Armature winding: It is usually a former wound copper coil
which rests in armature slots. The armature conductors are
insulated from each other and also from the armature core.
Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods; lap
winding or wave winding. Double layer lap or wave windings
are generally used. A double layer winding means that each
armature slot will carry two different coils.

Figure 4: Armature Winding/coil of DC machine


6. Commutator and brushes: Physical connection to the armature winding is made through a commutator-brush
arrangement. The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the current generated in armature conductors.
Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator helps in providing current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists of a
set of copper segments which are insulated from each other. The number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils.
Each segment is connected to an armature coil and the commutator is keyed to the shaft. Brushes are usually made from
carbon or graphite. They rest on commutator segments and slide on the segments when the commutator rotates keeping the
physical contact to collect or supply the current.

Figure 5: Commutator of DC machine

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