Lecture 2 Descriptive Statistics - Tabular and Graphical Presentation
Lecture 2 Descriptive Statistics - Tabular and Graphical Presentation
Lecture 2 Descriptive Statistics - Tabular and Graphical Presentation
Statistics
Sayeeda Jahan
Spring 2021
Lecture 2
Descriptive Statistics:
Tabular and Graphical Methods
Summarizing Qualitative Data
Summarizing Quantitative Data
Exploratory Data Analysis
Crosstabulations
and Scatter Diagrams
Summarizing Qualitative Data
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency
Percent Frequency Distribution
Bar Graph
Pie Chart
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution
Rating Frequency
Poor 2
Below Average 3
Average 5
Above Average 9
Excellent 1
Total 20
Relative Frequency Distribution
Bar Graph
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
Rating
Poor Below Average Above Excellent
Average Average
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
Exc.
Poor
5%
10%
Below
Average
Above
15%
Average
45%
Average
25%
Quality Ratings
Example: Marada Inn
Frequency Distribution
Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency
Distributions
Dot Plot
Histogram
Cumulative Distributions
Ogive
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Frequency Distribution
If we choose six classes:
Approximate Class Width = (109 - 52)/6 = 9.5
10
Relative Percent
Cost ($) Frequency Frequency
50-59 .04 4
60-69 .26 26
70-79 .32 32
80-89 .14 14
90-99 .14 14
100-109 .10 10
Total 1.00 100
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Dot Plot
.. . ..
.. .. ... ..
. .. .
. . . ..... .......... .. . .. . . ... . .. .
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Cost ($)
Histogram
Histogram
18
16
14
Frequency
12
10
8
6
4
2
Parts
Cost ($)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Cumulative Distributions
Cumulative Distributions
Cumulative
Cumulative
Cumulative Relative
Percent
Cost ($) Frequency Frequency
Frequency
< 59 2 .04
4
< 69 15 .30
30
< 79 31 .62
62
< 89 38 .76
Ogive
Ogive
• Because the class limits for the parts-cost
data are 50-59, 60-69, and so on, there
appear to be one-unit gaps from 59 to 60,
69 to 70, and so on.
• These gaps are eliminated by plotting points
halfway between the class limits.
• Thus, 59.5 is used for the 50-59 class, 69.5
is used for the 60-69 class, and so on.
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
100
80
60
40
20
Parts
Cost ($)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Exploratory Data Analysis
Stem-and-Leaf Display
5 2 7
6 2 2 2 2 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9
7 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9
9 9
8 0 0 2 3 5 8 9
9 1 3 7 7 7 8 9
10 1 4 5 5 9
Stretched Stem-and-Leaf Display
Leaf Units
• A single digit is used to define each leaf.
• In the preceding example, the leaf unit was
1.
• Leaf units may be 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and so
on.
• Where the leaf unit is not shown, it is
assumed to equal 1.
Example: Leaf Unit = 0.1
Leaf Unit = 10
16 8
17 1 9
18 0 3
19 1 7
Crosstabulations and Scatter Diagrams
Crosstabulation
The number of Finger Lakes homes sold
for each style and price for the past two years
is shown below.
Price Home Style
Range Colonial Ranch Split A-Frame
Total
< $99,000 18 6 19
12 55
> $99,000 12 14 16 3
45
Total 30 20 35
15 100
Example: Finger Lakes Homes
Row Percentages
Column Percentages
A Positive Relationship
y
x
Scatter Diagram
A Negative Relationship
y
x
Scatter Diagram
No Apparent Relationship
y
x
Tabular and Graphical Procedures
Data
Qualitative Data Quantitative Data